charales are the closest relatives to the land plants
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Charales are the closest relatives to the land plants. Typical liverwort growth pattern-- note the dichotomous branching pattern. CSUBIOWEB - IMAGES BY STEVEN J. WOLF. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Charales are the closest relatives to the land plants
Typical liverwort growth pattern-- note the dichotomous branching pattern.
CSUBIOWEB - IMAGES BY STEVEN J. WOLF Marchantia - Archegoniophores- these umbrella-shaped structures have archegonia (vessels) containing eggs on the underside of the “cap”.
CSUBIOWEB - IMAGES BY STEVEN J. WOLF
Marchantia antheridiophores - these mushroom shaped structures have antheridia (sperm producing vessels) on their upper surface.
Hymenophyton flabellatum
Symphyogyna hymenophyllum
Bazzania adnexa
Liverworts are non-vascular plants
Marchantia berteroana
Marchantia foliacea
Gemmae Cups
www2.una.edu/pdavis/bryophytes.htm
Marchantia sp.
www.ksu.edu/organismic/bryophytes.htm
Pores on the upper surface allow for gas exchange.
acstaff.bloomu.edu/chamuris/222/images.html
www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/Bot201/Marchantia
Qiu, Y, Y. Cho, J.C. Cox and J.D. Palmer. 1998. The gain of three mitochondrial introns identifies liverworts as the earliest land plants. Nature 394: 671-674.
3 introns - in liverworts and
green algae
3 introns + for mosses,hornworts,ferns & seed plants
Two Hypotheses: Some evidence (e.g. Qiu et al. 1998 and no stomates) points to the liverworts as the earliest land plants (A); other evidence (e.g., sperm structure) points to the hornworts as the earliest land plants (B).
A
B
From Kendrick & Crane 1997, Nature
2. Land plants are monophyletic.
1. Green plants are monophyletic.
3. Land plants came from freshwater algae.
4. Liverworts are the first land plants.
5. Tracheophytes shared ancestors with a number of other non-vascular plant groups.
All Green Plants
All Land Plants
All Vascular Plants
Gametophyte (1n)
2 types of gametes
Sperm
Egg
Fertiliztion, Zygote (2n) formation, and meiosis makes 4 spores (1n)
Spore inside oogonium germinates to form new gametophyte
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Fern Life Cycle
Mature GametophyteSporophyte
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Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Spores
Gametes
Fern Life Cycle
There is a clear trend from a dominant gametophyte to a dominant sporophyte. Why?
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Coleochaete Chara Liverwort Hornwort Moss
Lycopod Fern Psilotum Horsetail Cycad
From Kendrick & Crane 1997, Nature