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CHAPTERS 3 AND 4:CHAPTERS 3 AND 4:Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography

REFERENCE: Remote Sensing of REFERENCE: Remote Sensing of the Environment the Environment John R. Jensen (2007)John R. Jensen (2007)Second EditionSecond EditionPearson Prentice HallPearson Prentice Hall

Camera Camera ObscuraObscura

A portable camera obscura focused reflected light from people or landscapes through a lens (A), onto a mirror (B) and subsequently onto a clear plate of glass (C). The person then sketched the relative proportions and shape of the objects onto transparent paper.

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The First PhotographThe First PhotographThe first photograph was obtained by Joseph NicephoreNiepce of his French estate courtyard in 1827 Thecourtyard in 1827. The exposure lasted 8 hours and used an emulsion of Bitumen of Judea, a kind of asphalt.

(copyright Gernsheim Collection, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas)

Camera Sensor SystemsCamera Sensor Systems

Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre

One of the first commercially available box cameras created for Louis Daguerre by Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor of the Morse code.

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Daguerreotypes

United States Capitol1846

President Abraham Lincoln1864

Photography from Aerial PlatformsPhotography from Aerial Platforms

• Ornithopters• Balloons• Kites• Rockets• Pigeons• GlidersGliders• Airplanes• Satellites• Space Shuttle

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ManMan--powered Ornithopterpowered Ornithopter

The first known aerial photograph was obtained by Gaspard F li T h Felix Tournachon (Nadar) from a tethered balloon 1,700-ft. above Paris, France in 1858.

This is an oblique photograph obtained from the Hippodromefrom the HippodromeBalloon using a multiband camera.

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Balloon Balloon IntrepidIntrepid

Intrepid being inflated during the Civil War battle of Fair Oaks on June 1,1862 using Thaddeus S. C. Lowe’s portable hydrogen generating system(copyright Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.).

Balloon Balloon IntrepidIntrepid

Intrepid tethered during the Civil War battle of Fair Oaks on June 1 1862 ( i ht S ith i1, 1862 (copyright Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.).

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Balloon PhotographyBalloon Photography

Oblique aerial photograph of downtown Boston obtained by Samuel A. King and J. W. Black from a balloon at an altitude of 1,200 ft. on October 13, 1860.

First aerial photograph taken from a captive balloon in the United States (copyright Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.).

In 1903, Julius Neubronner

PigeonsPigeons

patented a breast-mounted camera for carrier pigeons that weighed only 70 grams.

A squadron of pigeons is equipped withequipped with light-weight 70-mm aerial cameras.

Copyright Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany

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PigeonsPigeons

Oblique aerial photograph of a European castle obtained from a camera mounted on a carrier pigeon. The pigeon’s wings are visible (copyright Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany).

Wright GliderWright Glider

Left: One of the Wright brothers in the Wright Glider at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in 1902 (copyright Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.).

Orville Wright Wilbur Wright

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Curtiss AHCurtiss AH--1313

Pilot and aerial photographer with a Graflex aerial reconnaissance camera in 1915 (copyright Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.).

World War I Trench WarfareWorld War I Trench Warfare

Vertical photography of WW I trenches in Europe. Examination of stereoscopic photography revealed the location of men, gun emplacements, and ammunitions bunkers.

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US 8th Air Force B-17

BB--17 Flying Fortress17 Flying Fortress

Flying Fortress over Berlin, Germany in World War II. Aerial photographs capture bombs from the unseen B-17 crashing through the port horizontal stabilizer (copyright S ith i I tit tiSmithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.).

Boeing BBoeing B--29 and Photogrammetric Equipment29 and Photogrammetric Equipment

Getting ready to obtain aerial photography of the nuclear weapons test at Bikini Atoll on July 25, 1946 (copyright S ith i I tSmithsonian Inst., Washington, D.C.).

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COLD WAR PHOTOCOLD WAR PHOTO--RECONNAISSANCERECONNAISSANCEAND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UAND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE U--22

Lockheed U-2 high altitude (70,000 ft.) reconnaissance aircraft. Many U-2s are still in service as earth resourcestill in service as earth resource observation aircraft (copyright NASA and Lockheed Martin, Inc.).

UU--2 Photograph of 2 Photograph of San Cristobal, CubaSan Cristobal, Cuba

October 14, 1962

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SRSR--7171

Lockheed SR-71 reconnaissance aircraft It can fly ataircraft. It can fly at >70,000 ft. above sea level and achieve airspeeds >2,000 m.p.h. (copyright Lockheed Martin, Inc.).

CORONACORONA

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Reconnaissance (spy) imagery obtained d i h 1950 during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s is now being declassified for earth resource analysis investigations.

Lockheed FLockheed F--117 Stealth Aircraft117 Stealth Aircraft

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Veh

icle

sV

eh

icle

sn

ed

Aeri

al

Vn

ed

Aeri

al

VU

nm

an

nU

nm

an

n

PredatorPredator

The RQ-1 Predator is a medium-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle system. It is a Joint Forces Air Component Commander-owned theater asset for reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition in support of the Joint Force commander .

The RQ-1A/B Predator is a system, not just aircraft. A fully operational system consists of four aircraft (with sensors), a ground control station (GCS), a Predator Primary Satellite Link (PPSL), and 55 personnel for continuous 24 hour operations.

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A warehouse south of Kuwait City, suspected

f h i I i i f

Reconnaissance in Desert Strom in 1991Reconnaissance in Desert Strom in 1991

of housing Iraqi aircraft, was bombed by coalition forces in mid-February 1991. U.S. Navy TARPS photograph by Squadron VF-84, operating from the USS ROOSEVELT (CVN-71)ROOSEVELT (CVN 71) (Released).

Reconnaissance in Afghanistan 2002Reconnaissance in Afghanistan 2002

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Reconnaissance in Iraqi Freedom in 2003Reconnaissance in Iraqi Freedom in 2003

Bomb damage assessment photo of the Shahiyat Liquid Engine Research, Development and Testing Facility, Iraq, used by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Henry H. Shelton, U.S. Army, and Rear Adm. Thomas R Wilson, U.S. Navy, Director for Intelligence, Joint Staff (J-2) in a Pentagon press briefing on Dec. 19, 1998. DoD photo. (Released)

Imagery from Inexpensive UAVsImagery from Inexpensive UAVs

South Padre Island, TexasCourtesy of Perry Hardin and Mark Jackson, B.Y.U.

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GEOMETRY OF THE VERTICALGEOMETRY OF THE VERTICALAERIAL PHOTOGRAPHAERIAL PHOTOGRAPH

Aerial photographs can be classified according to the orientation of the camera in relation to the ground atorientation of the camera in relation to the ground at the time of exposure.

High-oblique

HighHigh--oblique Aerial Photographyoblique Aerial Photography

High Oblique Aerial g qphotograph of the

grand Coulee Dam in Washington in 1940

High-Oblique Aerial Photograph Over

Flat Terrain

Horizon is shown in the photographOptical

axis

field of view

90°

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LowLow--oblique Aerial Photographyoblique Aerial Photography

Low-Oblique Aerial Photograph Over

Flat Terrain

Optical i

field of view

Low-oblique photograph of a bridge on

the Congaree River near Columbia, SC.

Horizon is not shown in photograph

axis

90°

Vertical Aerial PhotographyVertical Aerial Photography

Vertical Aerial Photograph Over

Level TerrainCamera

film plane

Goosenecks of the San Juan River in Utah

Altitude above-ground- level (AGL)

O i l

field of view

90°

Principal point (PP)

Optical axis

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AERIAL CAMERASAERIAL CAMERAS

1. Metric Cameras (cartographic cameras

2. Reconnaissance Cameras3. Strip Cameras4. Panoramic Cameras

O f th fi t

Box CameraBox Camera

One of the first commercially available box cameras created for Louis Daguerre by Samuel F. B. Morse, Morse, inventor of the Morse code.

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Comparison of Comparison of the Optical the Optical

Components of Components of the Simple the Simple

Eye

Lens R

etin

a

Object Image

Reti

na

the Simple the Simple Camera with Camera with those of the those of the Human EyeHuman Eye

Camera

Iris

Lens

e R

Between- the-lens shutter

R

Aperture

Film

Pla

ne

Object Image

Roll of film

Focal Length

The The ff/stops for a /stops for a Camera Lens Camera Lens

and the Size of and the Size of f / 5.6

f / 8 f / 11

f / 16

the Aperture the Aperture OpeningsOpenings

f / 2.8

f / 4 f / 22

f / 2.8 4 @ f / 5.6

2.8 4 85.6 11 16 22f = 80 mm

f / stop

Lens

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Photogrammetric Aerial Frame CameraPhotogrammetric Aerial Frame Camera

Profile View Profile View of A Metric of A Metric Camera and Camera and

Unexposed film reel

Platen vacuum

film flattener

Fil

Take-up reel

Film Magazine

System System ComponentsComponents

Film

Focal length, f

Focal plane Optical axis

Camera

Body

Lens Cone Assembly

Shutter

Filter

Lens

Lens front nodal point

Diaphragm

Lens rear nodal point

Assembly

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PhotogramPhotogrammetric metric Aerial Aerial Frame Frame

CameraCamera

Two Frame Cameras Mounted Two Frame Cameras Mounted in the Fuselage of a Planein the Fuselage of a Plane

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Aerial Camera Lens AngleAerial Camera Lens Angle--ofof--ViewView

2,000 ft

40°

1,000 ft

40°

b.

40° 70° 90°

110°

a.

Different angle of view Different altitude

Annotation on the Perimeter of An Aerial PhotographAnnotation on the Perimeter of An Aerial Photograph

1. Grayscale 4. Fiducial marks 7. Focal length 10. Navigation Data2. Notepad 5. Clock 8. Frame Number3. Altimeter 6. Lens cone Serial # 9. Mission Name & Date

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Four Four 7070--mm mm 7070 mm mm

HasselbladHasselbladCamerasCamerasArranged Arranged to Obtain to Obtain MultibandMultiband

AerialAerialPhotographyPhotography

Century Century City, Los City, Los AngelesAngeles

Near-infrared (0.7 – 1.0 μm)

Four 70Four 70--mm mm HasselbladHasselbladCameras Arranged to Obtain Cameras Arranged to Obtain

Multiband Vertical Aerial Multiband Vertical Aerial PhotographyPhotography

Red (0.6 – 0.7 μm)

Green (0.5 – 0.6 μm)

Blue (0.4 – 0.5 μm)

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Analog and Digital CamerasAnalog and Digital Cameras

Kodak DCS 420 Digital Kodak DCS 420 Digital Camera with a Nikon Camera with a Nikon camera lens and bodycamera lens and body

Hasselblad 70Hasselblad 70--mm mm cameracamera

AERIAL FILMSAERIAL FILMS

1. Black and White2. Color Reversal (like Slides)3. Normal Color3. Normal Color4. Color Infrared

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Sir Isaac Newton’s Experiment Sir Isaac Newton’s Experiment in 1666in 1666

Sir Isaac Newton discovered that white light could be dispersed into its spectral components by passing it through a prism

White Light Separated into its Spectral White Light Separated into its Spectral Components Using a PrismComponents Using a Prism

1.2 μm White Light Separated into its Spectral into its Spectral

Components Using a Prism

0.7 μm

0.6 μm

0.5 μm

Near-in

frared

Red

Green

Pho

togr

aphi

c

Reg

ion

Vis

ible

ho

tog

rap

hic

Reg

ion

Vis

ible

0.5 μm

0.4 μm

0.3 μm

Prism

White lightBlue

Ultraviolet

Gree PP

hV

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Color TheoryColor Theory

Additive ColorAdditive Color Subtractive ColorSubtractive Color

Equal proportions of blue, green, and red light superimposed on top of one another created white light.The complementary colors are:Yellow = red + greenMagenta = blue + redCyan = blue + green

Equal proportions of blue, green, and red pigments yield a black surface.

Yellow Pigment = absorbs all blueMagenta Pigment = absorbs all greenCyan Pigment = absorbs all red

Reflection and TransmissionReflection and Transmission

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Transmission Transmission Characteristics Characteristics

of Selected of Selected Kodak Kodak WrattenWratten

FiltersFilters

Transmission Transmission Characteristics Characteristics

of Selected of Selected Kodak Wratten Kodak Wratten

FiltersFilters

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Polarized LightPolarized Light

Sensitivity of Selected Black & White Sensitivity of Selected Black & White Films and Printing Paper Films and Printing Paper

Panchromatic film Infrared film Printing paper

Panchromatic film Infrared film

ensi

tivi

ty

HF3

filter

0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90

UV

Wavelength, μm

Blue Green Red Reflective infrared

Log

Se filter

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PanchromaticPanchromatic

Black and Black and White InfraredWhite Infrared

Spectral Spectral S i i i S i i i

Sen

siti

vity

Spectral Sensitivity of the Three Layers of Normal Color Film

Cyan dye layer (controls red light on the image)

Yellow dye layer (controls blue light on the image)

Magenta dye layer (controls green light on the image)

HF3

filter

Lo

g

nsi

tivit

y

Sensitivity Sensitivity of Normal of Normal Color and Color and

ColorColor--Infrared Infrared

0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90

UV

Wavelength, μm

Log

Blue Green Red Reflective infrared

Spectral Sensitivity of the Three Layers of Color-Infrared Film

Magenta dye layer (controls red light on the image)

Yellow dye layer (controls green light on the image)

a.

Wratten 12 Yellow filter

Se

FilmFilm

0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90

Wavelength, μm

Blue Green Red Reflective infrared

Cyan dye layer (controls near-infrared light on the image)

Log

Sen

siti

vity

b.UV

Lo

g

Sen

siti

vit

y

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Aerial Color PhotographyAerial Color Photography

Normal Color False-color Infrared Using Wratten #12 filter

Terrestrial Color Terrestrial Color PhotographyPhotography

Normal Color False-color Infrared Using Wratten #12 filter

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AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY TOAERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY TODETERMINE TEMPORAL CHANGESDETERMINE TEMPORAL CHANGES

La Parguera gin 1936

La Parguera in the 80's

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Cirrus Digital Camera System (DCS)August 19, 2004