Chapters 20,21,22: Africa and Chapters 20,21,22: Africa and the Slave Trade, the the Slave Trade, the

Gunpowder Empires, and Asian Gunpowder Empires, and Asian Changes, 1450-1750Changes, 1450-1750

Mr. BartulaMr. Bartula

AP World HistoryAP World History

Africa: 1450-1750Africa: 1450-1750

No longer aligned No longer aligned with the Islamic world with the Islamic world trading systemtrading system

Forceably brought Forceably brought into the Atlantic into the Atlantic trading systemtrading system

Heterogeneous Heterogeneous societies and culturessocieties and cultures

The Empire of MaliThe Empire of Mali

Located in the Sahel Located in the Sahel region south of the region south of the Sahara, became Sahara, became powerful after 750 CEpowerful after 750 CEWealthy center of Wealthy center of tradetradePart of Dar al’IslamPart of Dar al’IslamRich in gold, Rich in gold, agriculturally fertileagriculturally fertileCapital: TimbuktuCapital: Timbuktu

Timbuktu: A Major Cultural CenterTimbuktu: A Major Cultural Center

Timbuktu: A Major Cultural CenterTimbuktu: A Major Cultural Center

The Mosque of JenneThe Mosque of Jenne

Mansa Musa 1312-1337: Greatest Mansa Musa 1312-1337: Greatest King of MaliKing of Mali

SonghaySonghay

After the decline of Mali After the decline of Mali the Kingdom of Songhay the Kingdom of Songhay gained power in the gained power in the SahelSahel

Powerful cavalry and Powerful cavalry and navynavy

Muslim dominatedMuslim dominated

Standardized weights, Standardized weights, measures, and currencymeasures, and currency

Greatest King: Sonni Ali Greatest King: Sonni Ali 1464-14921464-1492

The Swahili CoastThe Swahili Coast

Eastern coast of AfricaEastern coast of Africa

Long term involvement in Indian Ocean tradeLong term involvement in Indian Ocean trade

Portuguese and other European influencePortuguese and other European influence

Cosmopolitan city-statesCosmopolitan city-states

Predominantly MuslimPredominantly Muslim

Swahili language: a lingua francaSwahili language: a lingua franca

Traded with the interior of AfricaTraded with the interior of Africa

English and SwahiliEnglish and Swahili

CarBicycleMotorbikeTrainBoatAeroplanePetrolMechanic

GariBaiskeliPikipikiGari la moshiMashuaNdege [Eropleni]PetroliFundi

CoffeeTea

with/withoutmilk/sugar

KahawaChai

na/bilamaziwa/sukari

Danger! Hatari!

Fetch a doctorChemist

Ita daktariDuka la dawa

Great ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe

Southern African kingdomSouthern African kingdom

Traded with the Swahili Traded with the Swahili Coast and the African Coast and the African interiorinterior

Too far inland to be Too far inland to be affected by Islamaffected by Islam

The only fully African The only fully African civilization, with no civilization, with no outside cultural influencesoutside cultural influences

Ruins of Great ZimbabweRuins of Great Zimbabwe

The Forest Kingdoms of West The Forest Kingdoms of West AfricaAfrica

First area to be First area to be exploited by exploited by EuropeansEuropeans

Dominant region: Dominant region: BeninBenin

Benin art: highly Benin art: highly detailed and realisticdetailed and realistic

Source of most slaves Source of most slaves taken to the Americastaken to the Americas

Benin ArtBenin Art

The Atlantic Slave Trade: The Atlantic Slave Trade: BeginningsBeginnings

Contact between Europeans and Africans Contact between Europeans and Africans began in late 1400s with Portuguese began in late 1400s with Portuguese expeditions along the coastexpeditions along the coastAt first Europeans saw Africans as being At first Europeans saw Africans as being equal to themselvesequal to themselvesEuropeans and Africans studied at Europeans and Africans studied at universities, exchanged ambassadors, and universities, exchanged ambassadors, and communicated between rulerscommunicated between rulersChristian missionaries traveled to AfricaChristian missionaries traveled to Africa

Africans and SlaveryAfricans and Slavery

Slavery was an indigenous part of African Slavery was an indigenous part of African cultureculture

Slavery among Africans was usually Slavery among Africans was usually temporarytemporary

The Atlantic Slave Trade BeginsThe Atlantic Slave Trade Begins

European “discovery” of the Americas led European “discovery” of the Americas led to exploitation of Africansto exploitation of Africans

Native Americans quickly died off from Native Americans quickly died off from overwork and diseaseoverwork and disease

Europeans needed a new source of Europeans needed a new source of coerced laborcoerced labor

By 1600, slaves were the largest trade By 1600, slaves were the largest trade item from Africaitem from Africa

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

1450-1850: about 12 million Africans were 1450-1850: about 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americasshipped to the AmericasAs many as 4 million more Africans were killed As many as 4 million more Africans were killed in internal slaving warsin internal slaving warsAfrican rulers participated in the slave trade by African rulers participated in the slave trade by gathering slaves and bringing them to coastal gathering slaves and bringing them to coastal fortsfortsPortuguese, Dutch, French, and British all Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British all established posts and fortresses along the west established posts and fortresses along the west coast of Africa for buying slavescoast of Africa for buying slaves

African Captives in YokesAfrican Captives in YokesAfrican Captives in YokesAfrican Captives in Yokes

The Middle PassageThe Middle Passage

The Triangle TradeThe Triangle TradeThe Triangle TradeThe Triangle Trade

A typical slave ship’s layoutA typical slave ship’s layout

““Coffin” Position:Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship Onboard a Slave Ship

““Coffin” Position:Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship Onboard a Slave Ship

Slave Ship InteriorSlave Ship InteriorSlave Ship InteriorSlave Ship Interior

African Slavery in the AmericasAfrican Slavery in the Americas

Primary destination of most slaves: Brazil Primary destination of most slaves: Brazil and the Caribbean Islandsand the Caribbean Islands

Typical life expectancy of a healthy male Typical life expectancy of a healthy male slave on arrival: 6 monthsslave on arrival: 6 months

No natural increase among the slave No natural increase among the slave population in most areaspopulation in most areas

North American SlaveryNorth American Slavery

Labor on tobacco and rice plantations was Labor on tobacco and rice plantations was less “onerous”less “onerous”

There was a natural increase among North There was a natural increase among North American slavesAmerican slaves

Consequences of Atlantic Slave Consequences of Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

Long term population decline in West Long term population decline in West AfricaAfrica

Transfer of African foods and customs to Transfer of African foods and customs to the Americasthe Americas

American food crops introduced in AfricaAmerican food crops introduced in Africa

Africans in the Americas were converted Africans in the Americas were converted to Christianity, but sometimes maintained to Christianity, but sometimes maintained elements of African religionselements of African religions

Europeans in South AfricaEuropeans in South Africa

The Cape of Good Hope was The Cape of Good Hope was reached by the Portuguese in reached by the Portuguese in the late 1400sthe late 1400sThe Dutch established a The Dutch established a colony there in 1652. Their colony there in 1652. Their settlers were called Boerssettlers were called BoersExpansion brought the Boers Expansion brought the Boers into contact and conflict with into contact and conflict with the indigenous Bantu, Zulu, the indigenous Bantu, Zulu, and other African peoplesand other African peoplesIn 1815 the British took control In 1815 the British took control of South Africaof South AfricaConflict continued between the Conflict continued between the Boers, British, and the Boers, British, and the indigenous Africansindigenous Africans

The Gunpowder EmpiresThe Gunpowder Empires

Ottomans (Middle Ottomans (Middle East, primarily East, primarily Turkey, and Eastern Turkey, and Eastern Europe)Europe)

Safavids (Iran)Safavids (Iran)

Mughals (India)Mughals (India)

The Gunpowder EmpiresThe Gunpowder Empires

Military power based on gunpowder Military power based on gunpowder weaponsweapons

Islamic (Ottomans and Mughals: Sunni; Islamic (Ottomans and Mughals: Sunni; Safavids: Shi’a)Safavids: Shi’a)

Political absolutismPolitical absolutism

Cultural renaissancesCultural renaissances

Less powerful than Western EuropeLess powerful than Western Europe

The Ottoman TurksThe Ottoman Turks

One of several Turkic One of several Turkic tribes which entered the tribes which entered the Middle East and Middle East and converted to Islamconverted to IslamPowerful military led by Powerful military led by JanissariesJanissariesIn 1326, captured the In 1326, captured the town of Bursa near town of Bursa near ConstantinopleConstantinopleBuilt navies and seized Built navies and seized control of the eastern control of the eastern MediterraneanMediterraneanConquered much of Conquered much of Balkan PeninsulaBalkan Peninsula

JanissariesJanissaries

Constantinople captured, 1453Constantinople captured, 1453

Captured by Sultan Mehmed IICaptured by Sultan Mehmed II

End of the Byzantine EmpireEnd of the Byzantine Empire

Constantinople (Istanbul) was Constantinople (Istanbul) was rebuilt and gained population rebuilt and gained population and wealthand wealth

Tolerance for dhimmisTolerance for dhimmis

More emphasis on military More emphasis on military than economic power than economic power “conquest over commerce”“conquest over commerce”

Ottoman Empire continued to Ottoman Empire continued to expand for the next centuryexpand for the next century

Ottoman Sultans were also the Ottoman Sultans were also the Caliphs of (Sunni) IslamCaliphs of (Sunni) Islam

Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-15661566

Greatest Ottoman rulerGreatest Ottoman ruler

Called “The Lawgiver” or Called “The Lawgiver” or ‘The Just” by Muslims‘The Just” by Muslims

Codified the Shari’aCodified the Shari’a

Rebuilt and beautified Rebuilt and beautified IstanbulIstanbul

Patron of the arts, poet, Patron of the arts, poet, made Istanbul a center of made Istanbul a center of Ottoman cultural Ottoman cultural floweringflowering

Suleiman’s PoetrySuleiman’s Poetry

Some of Suleiman's verses, have become Some of Suleiman's verses, have become Turkish proverbs, including the well-known Turkish proverbs, including the well-known "Everyone aims at the same meaning, but many "Everyone aims at the same meaning, but many are the versions of the story," and "In this world are the versions of the story," and "In this world a spell of good health is the best state” He wrote a spell of good health is the best state” He wrote in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic.in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic.– ""The people think of wealth and power as the The people think of wealth and power as the

greatest fate,greatest fate, – But in this world a spell of health is the best stateBut in this world a spell of health is the best state. . – What men call sovereignty is a worldly strife and What men call sovereignty is a worldly strife and

constant warconstant war; ; – Worship of God is the highest throne, the Worship of God is the highest throne, the

happiest of all estate'shappiest of all estate's” ”

Tughra or Monogram of SuleimanTughra or Monogram of Suleiman

The Topkapi PalaceThe Topkapi Palace

The Blue Mosque of The Blue Mosque of ConstantinopleConstantinople

Suleimanye MosqueSuleimanye Mosque

Miniature Painting: An Ottoman Art Miniature Painting: An Ottoman Art FormForm

The Piri Re’is Map, a mystery from The Piri Re’is Map, a mystery from Suleiman’s timeSuleiman’s time

It appears to show the It appears to show the west coast of Africa, the west coast of Africa, the east coast of South east coast of South America, and the northern America, and the northern (land) coast of Antarctica(land) coast of Antarctica

A map belonging to the A map belonging to the Turkish Admiral Piri Re’is Turkish Admiral Piri Re’is ca 1514ca 1514

Appears to be based on Appears to be based on older mapsolder maps

Shows accurate use of Shows accurate use of longitudelongitude

Suleiman and the EuropeansSuleiman and the Europeans

Suleiman recognized Suleiman recognized that Europe was a that Europe was a major potential threat major potential threat to the Ottoman to the Ottoman Empire and to IslamEmpire and to IslamHe attempted to He attempted to destabilize Europe destabilize Europe with several invasionswith several invasionsHe also provided He also provided financial support to financial support to ProtestantsProtestants

The death of Suleiman and the The death of Suleiman and the decline of the Ottomansdecline of the Ottomans

As Suleiman grew older As Suleiman grew older he lost interest in he lost interest in government and allowed government and allowed the bureaucracy to rule the bureaucracy to rule alonealone

He allowed his sons to be He allowed his sons to be raised uneducated in the raised uneducated in the harem, dominated by harem, dominated by their motherstheir mothers

This set a precedent for This set a precedent for future Sultans and their future Sultans and their sonssons

Selim II, The Drunkard 1566-1574Selim II, The Drunkard 1566-1574

The first The first “disinterested” “disinterested” Ottoman sultanOttoman sultan

Defeated by the Defeated by the Spanish at the Battle Spanish at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, of Lepanto in 1571, lost control of the lost control of the MediterraneanMediterranean

Ottoman DeclineOttoman Decline

Over the next several centuries, the Ottoman Over the next several centuries, the Ottoman Empire gradually declinedEmpire gradually declined

Europeans gained control of the seas and ended Europeans gained control of the seas and ended Muslim trade monopoliesMuslim trade monopolies

Succession problems and uneducated SultansSuccession problems and uneducated Sultans

European economic competitionEuropean economic competition

Technological and cultural conservatismTechnological and cultural conservatism

Janissaries held power and blocked reformsJanissaries held power and blocked reforms

The SafavidsThe Safavids

Turkic tribe which Turkic tribe which entered Iranentered Iran

Converted to Shiite Converted to Shiite IslamIslam

Isma’il 1494-1524Isma’il 1494-1524

Took control of the Safavids in 1494 at the Took control of the Safavids in 1494 at the age of 7, claimed to be the Hidden Imamage of 7, claimed to be the Hidden Imam

By 1512 he controlled all of Iran and By 1512 he controlled all of Iran and became the first Safavid Shahbecame the first Safavid Shah

Defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 (blocked Shiite Chaldiran in 1514 (blocked Shiite expansion)expansion)

Shah Abbas I 1588-1629Shah Abbas I 1588-1629

The greatest Safavid rulerThe greatest Safavid ruler

Made alliances with Made alliances with Europeans against the Europeans against the OttomansOttomans

Encouraged trade and Encouraged trade and commerce with Western commerce with Western EuropeansEuropeans

Period of great wealth Period of great wealth and cultural creativityand cultural creativity

Mixture of Persian and Mixture of Persian and Islamic influencesIslamic influences

Isfahan: The Safavid CapitalIsfahan: The Safavid Capital

Safavid ArchitectureSafavid Architecture

Safavid Poetry (Rumi)Safavid Poetry (Rumi)O you who've gone on pilgrimage -O you who've gone on pilgrimage -              where are you, where, oh               where are you, where, oh where?where?Here, here is the Beloved!Here, here is the Beloved!              Oh come now, come, oh               Oh come now, come, oh come!come!Your friend, he is your neighbor,Your friend, he is your neighbor,             he is next to your wall -             he is next to your wall -You, erring in the desert - You, erring in the desert -               what air of love is this?              what air of love is this?If you'd see the Beloved'sIf you'd see the Beloved's              form without any form -              form without any form -You are the house, the master,You are the house, the master,              You are the Kaaba, you! . . .              You are the Kaaba, you! . . .Where is a bunch of roses,Where is a bunch of roses,              if you would be this garden?              if you would be this garden?Where, one soul's pearly essenceWhere, one soul's pearly essence              when you're the Sea of God?              when you're the Sea of God?That's true - and yet your troublesThat's true - and yet your troubles              may turn to treasures rich -              may turn to treasures rich -How sad that you yourself veilHow sad that you yourself veil              the treasure that is yours!              the treasure that is yours!

Ottomans and Safavids ComparedOttomans and Safavids Compared

The Ottomans were more market-oriented The Ottomans were more market-oriented than the Safavidsthan the Safavids

Safavid women had more freedom and Safavid women had more freedom and were less secluded than Ottoman womenwere less secluded than Ottoman women

The Ottomans had a larger territory and The Ottomans had a larger territory and more resources.more resources.

Decline and Fall of the SafavidsDecline and Fall of the Safavids

Succession problems after the death of Succession problems after the death of Abbas IAbbas I

European economic competitionEuropean economic competition

Religious conflict between Sunnis and Religious conflict between Sunnis and ShiitesShiites

1722: Safavids collapsed1722: Safavids collapsed

The MughalsThe Mughals

Descended from the Descended from the MongolsMongolsInfluenced by Influenced by Chinese and Islamic Chinese and Islamic culturesculturesOriginated in Originated in Turkestan in Central Turkestan in Central AsiaAsiaSunni Muslims with Sunni Muslims with Sufi influenceSufi influence

Babur “the Tiger” 1483-1530Babur “the Tiger” 1483-1530

Invaded present day Invaded present day Afghanistan and then Afghanistan and then northern Indianorthern India

Defeated the Delhi Defeated the Delhi SultanateSultanate

First Muslim to use First Muslim to use gunpowder weapons gunpowder weapons (muskets and artillery(muskets and artillery

At the same time, At the same time, Europeans were Europeans were beginning to have contact beginning to have contact with India from the sea with India from the sea

Humayun 1530-1556Humayun 1530-1556

From 1530-1540, lost all From 1530-1540, lost all of his father’s empire in a of his father’s empire in a series of rebellionsseries of rebellions

Went into exile in Persia Went into exile in Persia and rebuilt his army and rebuilt his army (Persian culture (Persian culture introduced to Mughals)introduced to Mughals)

By 1555, managed to By 1555, managed to reconquer the Mughal reconquer the Mughal EmpireEmpire

Humayun’s Tomb in DelhiHumayun’s Tomb in Delhi

Akbar the Great 1556-1605Akbar the Great 1556-1605

Greatest ruler of Indian Greatest ruler of Indian historyhistory

Became Shah at age 13Became Shah at age 13

Completed the Completed the conquest of Northern conquest of Northern IndiaIndia

Developed an efficient Developed an efficient bureaucracybureaucracy

Attempted to win over Attempted to win over HindusHindus

The Din-i-Ilahi: “The Religion of The Din-i-Ilahi: “The Religion of God”God”

Attempted to synthesize Attempted to synthesize the world’s religions into the world’s religions into oneone

Predominantly based on Predominantly based on IslamIslam

Elements of Hinduism, Elements of Hinduism, Jainism, and Jainism, and ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism

Asked Christian Asked Christian missionaries to participatemissionaries to participate

Eventually rejected by Eventually rejected by both Muslims and Hindusboth Muslims and Hindus

Jahangir 1605-1628Jahangir 1605-1628

Conquered Eastern Conquered Eastern IndiaIndia

Patron of the artsPatron of the arts

““The Age of Mughal The Age of Mughal Splendor”Splendor”

Mughal ArtMughal Art

The Red Fort, DelhiThe Red Fort, Delhi

Mughal ArchitectureMughal Architecture

Jahan 1628-1658Jahan 1628-1658

Expanded EmpireExpanded Empire

Defeated the Defeated the PortuguesePortuguese

Known for Known for magnificent magnificent architectural projectsarchitectural projects

Mumtaz MahalMumtaz Mahal

Jahan’s favorite wifeJahan’s favorite wife

Died in 1631 giving birth Died in 1631 giving birth to her fourteenth childto her fourteenth child

Jahan built the most Jahan built the most magnificent tomb magnificent tomb possible: The Taj Mahalpossible: The Taj Mahal

Combination of Indian, Combination of Indian, Persian, Chinese Persian, Chinese architectural stylesarchitectural styles

Aurangzeb 1658-1707Aurangzeb 1658-1707

Shah Jahan’s building Shah Jahan’s building projects and taxes projects and taxes caused rebellions caused rebellions among the Hindusamong the Hindus

Aurangzeb overthrew Aurangzeb overthrew and imprisoned his and imprisoned his father in 1658 and father in 1658 and became Shahbecame Shah

Expanded the Mughal Expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest Empire to its greatest extentextent

Aurangzeb 1658-1707Aurangzeb 1658-1707

Devout Muslim who insisted Shar’ia become the Devout Muslim who insisted Shar’ia become the law of the landlaw of the land

Persecuted Hindus, closed temples, outlawed Persecuted Hindus, closed temples, outlawed practice of satipractice of sati

Renewed taxes on non-Muslims which had been Renewed taxes on non-Muslims which had been ended by Akbar the Greatended by Akbar the Great

Revolts began, aided by Europeans in IndiaRevolts began, aided by Europeans in India

By early 1700s Mughals were losing control of By early 1700s Mughals were losing control of India and Europeans were gaining influenceIndia and Europeans were gaining influence

SikhsSikhs

A major Indian religion which A major Indian religion which began in the 16began in the 16thth century under century under the Mughalsthe MughalsCentered in Northern India, 23 Centered in Northern India, 23 million followersmillion followersBegan with Guru Nanak (1569-Began with Guru Nanak (1569-1539) 1539) Total of 10 Gurus (the last died Total of 10 Gurus (the last died in 1708)in 1708)Mystical, egalitarian, Mystical, egalitarian, disciplineddisciplinedMajor political and economic Major political and economic force in India and Pakistanforce in India and Pakistan

Comparisons of the Declines of the Comparisons of the Declines of the Gunpowder EmpiresGunpowder Empires

Internal weaknesses and conflictsInternal weaknesses and conflicts

OverexpansionOverexpansion

Weak, incompetent rulersWeak, incompetent rulers

Muslim contempt for Europeans meant the Muslim contempt for Europeans meant the Europeans were underestimatedEuropeans were underestimated

Economic and military decline as Economic and military decline as Europeans gained powerEuropeans gained power

Asia and European Contact 1450-Asia and European Contact 1450-17501750

Europeans were not powerful enough to Europeans were not powerful enough to exploit Asia during 1450-1750exploit Asia during 1450-1750Europeans at first had difficulty trading for Europeans at first had difficulty trading for Asian goods since they had little or Asian goods since they had little or nothing the Asians valuednothing the Asians valuedEuropeans were only able to trade Europeans were only able to trade successfully with Asia after they gained successfully with Asia after they gained access to the New World’s precious access to the New World’s precious metals metals

European Trade With AsiaEuropean Trade With Asia

Using superior naval technology, the Using superior naval technology, the Portuguese were able to establish a trade Portuguese were able to establish a trade network in the Indian Ocean by 1507network in the Indian Ocean by 1507By the later 1500s, the Dutch, French, and By the later 1500s, the Dutch, French, and the English had driven out the Portuguesethe English had driven out the PortugueseThe Dutch took control of the Spice The Dutch took control of the Spice Islands (modern Indonesia)Islands (modern Indonesia)The French and English concentrated on The French and English concentrated on IndiaIndia

European MissionariesEuropean Missionaries

Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Christianity was Christianity was introduced into the introduced into the Philippines by the Philippines by the Spanish, where it Spanish, where it merged with local merged with local animistic beliefs and animistic beliefs and traditionstraditionsElsewhere in Asia, Elsewhere in Asia, Christianity became a Christianity became a minority religionminority religion

Philippine Folk AltarPhilippine Folk Altar

Ming China 1368-1644 Ming China 1368-1644

Oldest, largest, and Oldest, largest, and richest civilizationrichest civilization

Part of the world Part of the world economy, but foreign economy, but foreign trade was only a small trade was only a small part of the Chinese part of the Chinese economyeconomy

Silk, porcelain, and cotton Silk, porcelain, and cotton were major exports, with were major exports, with tea becoming tea becoming increasingly importantincreasingly important

Ming China’s Economic Impact on Ming China’s Economic Impact on the Worldthe World

Ming China used silver as Ming China used silver as its monetary metalits monetary metal

The Single Whip tax on The Single Whip tax on all Chinese had to be all Chinese had to be paid in silverpaid in silver

Therefore, Ming China Therefore, Ming China was a major importer of was a major importer of silver in exchange for silver in exchange for trade goodstrade goods

The largest source of The largest source of silver was the Americassilver was the Americas

Ming China’s Agricultural Ming China’s Agricultural RevolutionRevolution

New World crops such as corn, peppers, New World crops such as corn, peppers, and the sweet potato were introduced to and the sweet potato were introduced to ChinaChina

Crop rotationCrop rotation

Massive reforestationMassive reforestation

China’s population grew from 65 million in China’s population grew from 65 million in 1400 to 300 million by 18001400 to 300 million by 1800

Ming China’s Commercial Ming China’s Commercial RevolutionRevolution

Population growth led to Population growth led to increased urbanizationincreased urbanization

Small businesses Small businesses specialized in porcelain, specialized in porcelain, tea, silk, cotton, and tea, silk, cotton, and paper manufacturingpaper manufacturing

European trade with Ming European trade with Ming China was tightly China was tightly controlled by the Chinese controlled by the Chinese government, which was government, which was wary of foreign influencewary of foreign influence

Decline and Fall of the MingDecline and Fall of the Ming

Little Ice Age related climate problems Little Ice Age related climate problems were especially severe in the early 1600swere especially severe in the early 1600sIncompetent emperors were unable to Incompetent emperors were unable to helphelpFamine and natural disasters led to Famine and natural disasters led to peasant rebellionspeasant rebellionsIn 1644 the Manchus invaded, destroyed In 1644 the Manchus invaded, destroyed the Ming, and established the Qing the Ming, and established the Qing DynastyDynasty

Japan 1450-1750Japan 1450-1750

Ca 1467-1600 Warring States period: no Ca 1467-1600 Warring States period: no central leadership (Emperor only central leadership (Emperor only ceremonial)ceremonial)1543: Portuguese traders arrived in 1543: Portuguese traders arrived in southern Japan. Other Europeans southern Japan. Other Europeans followedfollowedPortuguese and other Europeans served Portuguese and other Europeans served as middlemen, carrying goods between as middlemen, carrying goods between Japan and ChinaJapan and China

Christianity in JapanChristianity in Japan

Catholic missionaries led Catholic missionaries led by Francis Xavier arrived by Francis Xavier arrived beginning in 1549beginning in 1549

Christianity had great Christianity had great appeal in Japan, and appeal in Japan, and many converted, many converted, especially on island of especially on island of KyushuKyushu

Japanese converts Japanese converts traveled to Europe to traveled to Europe to meet the Popemeet the Pope

Japan’s reaction to European Japan’s reaction to European contactcontact

Fascination with the “nanbanjin”Fascination with the “nanbanjin”

Intense interest in learning about and from Intense interest in learning about and from the Europeansthe Europeans

Large amount of trade between Japanese Large amount of trade between Japanese and Europeansand Europeans

Tokugawa IeyasuTokugawa Ieyasu

By 1598, had managed to By 1598, had managed to unify Japan under his ruleunify Japan under his rule

Tokugawa Shogunate Tokugawa Shogunate 1598-18681598-1868

Distrusted Europeans and Distrusted Europeans and Christians as potentially Christians as potentially disloyal to his ruledisloyal to his rule

Restrictions placed on Restrictions placed on European traders and European traders and missionariesmissionaries

Japanese Christians were Japanese Christians were persecutedpersecuted

Sakoju Jidai: National SeclusionSakoju Jidai: National Seclusion

By mid 1600s all European traders were By mid 1600s all European traders were banned except the Dutchbanned except the Dutch

Dutch traders were only allowed in Dutch traders were only allowed in NagasakiNagasaki

Japanese were not allowed to travel Japanese were not allowed to travel abroad, and foreigners were forbidden to abroad, and foreigners were forbidden to enterenter

Christianity was suppressedChristianity was suppressed

The Tokugawa ShogunateThe Tokugawa Shogunate

Centralized government under Centralized government under Confucianist principlesConfucianist principles

Four social classesFour social classes

1.1. Samurai (including the Shogun and Samurai (including the Shogun and daimyo)daimyo)

2.2. FarmersFarmers

3.3. ArtisansArtisans

4.4. MerchantsMerchants

The Tokugawa ShogunateThe Tokugawa Shogunate

Urbanization, with three major cities: Edo, Urbanization, with three major cities: Edo, Kyoto, OsakaKyoto, OsakaRice was the staple cropRice was the staple cropUrban areas had many small businesses Urban areas had many small businesses and industriesand industriesConfucianist schools allowed most men Confucianist schools allowed most men and some women to become literateand some women to become literateDutch studies group studied European Dutch studies group studied European books in Nagasakibooks in Nagasaki