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Chapter 4: Theoretical Perspectives on Media Content part 2

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Page 1: Chapter4:( Theoretical( Perspectiveson MediaContent · Content(Studies,(cont.(Discourse(Analysis( •Examines%language%and%the%perspec;ve%or%ʻposion ʼ%it gives%us%in%the%social%world%especially%with%respectto%

Chapter  4:    Theoretical  Perspectives  on  Media  Content  part  2  

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Media  Content  Studies  Literary  Cri*cism  

•  Explores  the  different  ways  that  texts  can  be  analyzed  and  understood.  •  Draws  our  a:en;on  to  the  various  ways  meaning  might  be  drawn  from  texts  (e.g.,  inten;ons  of  the  author,  influence  of  culture  and  society,  personal  history  of  the  reader).  •  Auteur  theory:  analyzing  texts  through  the  presumed  inten;ons  of  the  author  •  New  Cri;cism:  analyzing  texts  through  the  text  only,  uncovering  ambigui;es  and  mul;ple  meanings  

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Media  Content  Studies  cont.  Structuralism  and  Post-­‐structuralism  

• Structuralism:  discovering  the  underlying  pa:erns  that  shape  texts  and  genres  •  e.g.  Propp’s  folklore  studies:  All  tradi;onal  stories  follow  the  same  basic  narra;ve  structure  and  lexical  elements.  

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Content  Studies,  cont.  

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Content  Studies,  cont.  Post-­‐structuralism:  Meaning  comes  from  the  text  and  the  decoder.  • Meaning  is  never  fixed;  it  changes  from  reader  to  reader.  • Derrida:  Signs  have  come  undone  and  that  signifiers  can  no  longer  be  said  to  have  specific  ‘signifieds’.  • Barthes:  ‘The  Death  of  the  Author’-­‐  Auteur  theory  is  only  one  window  on  the  reality  of  the  text;  never  trust  the  author  (inten;onal  fallacy).  

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Content  Studies,  cont.  Discourse  Analysis  • Examines  language  and  the  perspec;ve  or  ‘posi;on’  it  gives  us  in  the  social  world  especially  with  respect  to  power.  •  How  do  pa:erns  and  conven;ons  of  language  use  shape  our  experience  of  the  world,  and  how  we  act  in  it?  (e.g.  fireman  vs.  firefighter)    •  How  do  structure  and  format  of  specific  media  influence  our  percep;on  of  an  event?  •  How  do  ways  of  thinking  about  the  world  become  the  rules  and  regula;ons  that  control  our  lives?  

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Content  Studies,  cont.  Cri*cal  Poli*cal  Economy  • Smythe:  Media  appears  to  serve  the  audience/public  but  in  reality  it  serves  its  owners;  adver;sing  is  not  supplemental  to  media,  it  is  media.  • How  do  poli;cal  and  economic  forces  influence  how  the  media  represents  the  world  to  us?  

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Chomsky  &  Herman  

Five  media  filters  

1. media  convergence  2.  adver;sing  control  3.  sourcing  4.  ‘flak’  5.  ideological  ‘enemy’  

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1a.  media  convergence  •  there  are  nine  top  media  corpora;ons  globally  that  own  and    control:  •  news  &  TV  outlets,    •  telecommunica;ons,    •  cable  networks,    •  internet  providers,    •  internet  sites  such  as  google  and  youtube,  •  movie  theatres,  •  film  distributors,  etc.    

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1b.  media  convergence  2009  

1.  Disney 2.  CBS 3.  General Electric 4.  News Corp 5.  Time Warner

6.  Viacom 7.  Bertelsmann AG 8.  Lagardère Group 9.  Vivendi SA  

These 9 media corporations own more than 90% of the global media market:

See “Who Owns What” at Columbia Journalism Review http://www.cjr.org/tools/owners/  

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2.  advertising  control  •  media  are  dependent  on  adver;sers  •  adver;sers  buy  programs  and  their  specific  audiences,  and  thereby  control  what  is  shown    

•  media  that  challenges  the  status  quo  will  be  shut  down    •  e.g.  WNET  lost  funding  from  Gulf+Western  a`er  airing  “Hungry  for  Profit,”  an  an;-­‐corporate  documentary  

•  adver;sers  avoid  programs  with  serious  poli;cal  or  social  content  that  will  not  perpetuate  the  happy  mood  of  shoppers  

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3a.  media  sources  •  for  journalists,  government  and  corporate  spokespeople  are  considered  reliable,  dependable,  truth-­‐producing  sources-­‐-­‐  despite  the  fact  that  they  o`en  are  not  

•  government  spends  big  money  on  PR  to  support  the  interests  of  the  military,  military  contractors  and  corporate  ‘sponsors  of  state  terrorism’  (272)  •  e.g.  in  1986,  60%  of  experts  on  terrorism  on  the  ‘McNeil-­‐Lehrer  News  Hour’  were  government  or  former  government  officials;  another  16%  were  from  conserva;ve  think  tanks  

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3b.  media  sources  •  powerful  poli;cal  and  corporate  sources  use  leverage  to  keep  cri;cs  out  of  media  by  refusing  to  appear  on  the  same  show  

•  seldom  are  views  from  independent  thinkers,  centrist  or  le`ist  posi;ons  represented  in  mainstream  media  

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4.  media  Flak  •  nega;ve  response  to  media  programs  or  ar;cles  •  most  o`en  mobilized  by  groups  with  substan;al  resources  e.g.  government  and  corporate  leaders  

•  Flak  can  be  direct  or  indirect:  •  direct  flak  e.g.  phone  calls  from  government  or  ad  agencies  to  news  producers  threatening  retalia;on  or  asking  for  equal  ;me  

•  indirect  flak  e.g.  complaining  to  stakeholders  about  media,  genera;ng  an;-­‐le`-­‐media  research,  suppor;ng  elec;on  campaigns  of  conserva;ve  poli;cians  

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5a.  ideological  control  •  during  Cold  War,  ideological  enemy  of  US  was  Communism  •  liberals,  Human  Rights  and  other  social  jus;ce  ac;vists,  and  radicals  were  all  labeled  Communists  &  considered  “enemies  of  the  state”  

•  an;-­‐Communism  was  used  as  ideological  control,  limi;ng  poli;cal  media  content  to  that  which  supports  the  government,  corpora;ons,  and  capitalism  

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5b.  ideological  control  today  •  Terrorists  are  the  ideological  enemy  today  •  George  Bush’s  statement,  “Either  you’re  with  us  or  you’re  with  the  terrorists”  is  emblema;c  of  this    

•  Terrorism  is  used  to  label  ac;vist  groups,  including:  Muslim  community  organiza;ons,  protest  groups  like  Reclaim  the  Streets,  environmental  groups  like  Earth  Libera;on  Front  

•  Any  group  that  challenges  this  view  will  not  get  air  ;me,  or  will  be  depicted  nega;vely  

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Genre  or  Media  Form  Analysis  •  Each  genre  has  its  own  set  of  elements  and  structures  of  content;  these  constrain  meaning.  

 

The  News  Story  •  Criteria  for  newsworthiness:  1)  simplifica;on;  2)  drama;za;on;  3)  personaliza;on;  4)  themes  and  con;nuity;  5)  consonance;  and  6)  the  unexpected  

 

Soap  Operas  •  One  of  the  most  analyzed  TV  narra;ve  genres.  •  Percep;on  has  shi`ed  from  trivial  entertainment  to  legi;mate  pas;me.  

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Genre  or  Media  Form  Analysis,  cont.  Music  Videos  • Promo;onal  vehicle  for  the  song  • Significant  aspect  of  popular  culture  and  fashion  industries    

Reality  TV  • Various  formats  (e.g.  ‘documentary’-­‐style  or  constructed)  • Low  produc;on  costs  make  it  a:rac;ve  to  networks.  • Shrinks  distance  between  the  world  of  television  and  the  audience.  

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Genre  or  Media  Form  Analysis,  cont.  The  Adver*sement  • The  main  source  of  revenue  for  media  • Causes  media  to  tailor  their  content  to  a:ract  certain  audiences  (and  thus,  adver;sers).  • Causes  media  to  design  content  to  maximize  ad  placement  and  prominence.  • Evolu;on  from  sa;sfying  customer  needs  to  crea;ng  ‘needs’.  • Types  of  adver;sing:  broadcast,  display,  classified,  ins;tu;onal,  advertorials,  product-­‐placement,  audience-­‐sourced  

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Dove  Real  Beauty  Campaign    

research   think  about  

•  denota;on  and  connota;on  in  ad  •  underlying  messages  about  women  •  corporate  ethics  

•  find  ads  •  research  Dove  and  Unilever    

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Dove  Real  Beauty  Challenge  •  Dove/Unilever’s  ‘Campaign  for  Real  Beauty’:  ad  campaign  for  skin  products  using  non-­‐tradi;onal  models  •  Apparent  messages:  feminism  and  empowerment,  self-­‐esteem,  challenging  standard  no;ons  of  female  beauty  

•  Unilever:  also  produces  Slim  Fast,  Axe  deodorant,  and  Fair  and  Lovely  skin-­‐lightener  •  Dove  ads  remind  audiences  that    being  beau;ful  is  the  most  important  thing  for  women    •  Focus  on  body  rather  than  character  •  Dove  s;ll  wants  to  sell  products  

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next  week  

Tuesday  Oct  22    

•  midterm  review  •  bring  computers    

•  new  assignment  available  •  self-­‐directed  learning  week    

Thursday  Oct  24    

•  midterm  test  (20%)  •  in  room  OA  1033  

the  week  after  next