chapter22 section01 organic chemistry and hydrocarbons by hamdy karim
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Chemistry 22.1
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22.1 Hydrocarbons
Gasoline, diesel fuel, and kerosene are examples of liquid fuels. A solid fuel, coal, produced the steam for the locomotives that pulled old-time trains. These fuels are mixtures of compounds called hydrocarbons. You will learn about the structure and properties of hydrocarbons.
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Hydrocarbons >
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22.1 Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
How is the number of valence electrons in carbon atoms related to the bonds that carbon atoms form?
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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
Because carbon has four valence electrons, a carbon atom always forms four covalent bonds.
The simplest organic compounds contain only carbon and hydrogen and are called hydrocarbons.
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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
One carbon atom can form a single covalent bond with four hydrogen atoms.
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Hydrocarbons > Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
Animation 28
Get a glimpse of the staggering variety of hydrocarbon compounds.
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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model
Formulas and Models for Methane and Ethane
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Hydrocarbons >
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22.1 Alkanes
Alkanes
What are two possible arrangements of carbon atoms in an alkane?
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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes
An alkane is a hydrocarbon in which there are only single covalent bonds.
The carbon atoms in an alkane can be arranged in a straight chain or in a chain that has branches.
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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes
Straight-Chain Alkanes
Ethane is the simplest of the straight-chain alkanes, which contain any number of carbon atoms, one after the other, in a chain.
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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes
A group of compounds forms a homologous series if there is a constant increment of change in molecular structure from one compound in the series to the next.
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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes
Hydrocarbons are used as fuels.
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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes
In a condensed structural formula, some bonds and/or atoms are left out of the structural formula. Although the bonds and atoms do not appear, they are there.
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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes
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Practice Problems for Conceptual Problem 22.1
Problem Solving 22.1 Solve Problem 1 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.
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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes
Branched-Chain Alkanes
An atom or group of atoms that can take the place of a hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule is called a substituent.
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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes
• A hydrocarbon substituent is called an alkyl group.
• An alkane with one or more alkyl groups is called a branched-chain alkane.
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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes
Ball-and-stick and space-filling models show the arrangement of atoms in 4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane.
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Practice Problems for Conceptual Problem 22.2
Problem Solving 22.3 Solve Problem 3 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.
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Practice Problems for Conceptual Problem 22.3
Problem Solving 22.5 Solve Problem 5 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.
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Hydrocarbons >
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22.1 Properties of Alkanes
Properties of Alkanes
In terms of their polarity, what type of molecules are alkanes?
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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Properties of Alkanes
Molecules of hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, are nonpolar molecules.
The nonpolar molecules in the oil spill are not attracted to the polar water molecules in the ocean.
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Section Quiz
-or-Continue to: Launch:
Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section
22.1 Section Quiz.
22.1.
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22.1 Section Quiz.
1. Choose the correct words for the spaces. Because carbon has ______ valence electrons, it can form ______________ bonds.
a. four, four covalent
b. four, four ionic
c. six, six covalent
d. six, four or fewer covalent
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22.1 Section Quiz.
2. Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only ___________ bonds.
a. carbon-carbon
b. single covalent
c. carbon-hydrogen
d. ionic
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22.1 Section Quiz
3. Choose the correct words for the spaces. Hydrocarbons are highly soluble in _______ solvents because they are ________ molecules.
a. nonpolar, nonpolar
b. nonpolar, polar
c. polar, nonpolar
d. polar, polar
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