chapter_161
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Blood Vessels & Circulation
Chapter 16
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Question 1
Name the five types of blood vessels. Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules veins
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Question 2
At any one time, most of your blood, 60% is found in the veins and venules.
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Question 3
Define Vasoconstriction- decrease in the
diameter of the lumen of a blood vessel. Vasodilation- the smooth muscle fibers
relax to increase the lumen diameter.
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Question 4
Which tissues have no capillaries? Epithelial Cornea Lens of eye
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Question 5
List three functions of blood vessels. Carries blood away from the heart to the
tissues and returns it to the heart. Exchange of substances between blood
and body cells. Nutrients and oxygen go from the blood to
the tissues. Wastes from the tissues go into the blood.
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Question 6
Name five substances that can enter and leave the capillaries by simple diffusion. Oxygen Carbon dioxide Glucose Amino acids hormones
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Question 7
Define Bulk flow- a passive process by which
large numbers of ions, molecules or particles move together in the same direction.
Capillary blood pressure- the pressure of blood against the walls of capillaries pushes fluid out of the capillaries into the interstitial fluid.
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Question 7
Define Blood colloid osmotic pressure- an
opposing pressure, fluid is pulled INTO the capillaries (blood proteins create the blood’s osmotic pressure)
Reabsorption- water and solutes move via bulk flow from the interstitial fluid into the blood capillary
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Question 8
The lumen of a vein is wider than that of a corresponding artery.
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Question 9
Normal systole is 120. Normal diastole is 80.
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Question 10
If greater than 10% of total blood volume is lost, this is life threatening.
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Question 11
Name three causes of vascular resistance. Explain each. Size of lumen- this changes from moment
to moment. Blood viscosity- ratio of RBC to plasma Total blood vessel length- the greater the
length the more friction (200 miles per extra pound of body fat)
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Question 12
Define Proprioreceptors- monitor movement of
joints and muscles. Baroreceptors- monitor changes in
pressure and stretch in the walls of blood vessels.
Chemoreceptors- monitor the concentration of various chemicals in the blood.
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Question 13
The Vagus (X) nerve decreases heart rate.
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Question 14- omit
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Question 15
Define Hypoxia- lowered oxygen availability Acidosis- increase in H+ concentration Hypercapnia- excess carbon dioxide
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Question 16
List and explain the four hormone systems that regulate blood pressure and blood flow. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone RAA
system Epinephrine and norepinephrine Antidiuretic hormone Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
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Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone RAA system Decrease blood flow to the kidneys or decrease
in blood pressure triggers Kidney cells to secrete renin Renin and angiotensin converting enzyme
(ACE) produce the hormone angiotensin II which raises the blood pressure by vasoconstriction.
Angiotension II stimulates the secretion of aldosterone, this increases the reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys. Increases blood volume and blood pressure.
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine
These hormones increase cardiac output Increase the rate and force of heart
contractions Causes vasoconstriction of arterioles
and veins in the skin and abdominal organs.
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Antidiuretic hormone
ADH is released in response to dehydration or decreased blood volume.
ADH causes vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure
ADH is also called vasopressin.
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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
ANP is released by the cells of the heart ANP lowers blood pressure by
vasodilation, loss of salt and water from the blood into the urine
ANP reduces blood volume
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Question 17
Autoregulation- the ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow to match its metabolic demands.
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Question 18
Name the two general stimuli that contribute to autoregulation and explain. Physical changes-
warming promotes vasodilation Stretching of smooth muscle causes it to contract
Vasodilating and vasoconstricting chemicals- Many cells release chemicals that alter the blood
vessel diameter WBC, platelets smooth muscle fibers,
macrophages and endothelial cells release the vasodilator nitric oxide.
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Question 19
Define pulse- the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery after each contraction of the left ventricle.
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Question 20
The radial artery at the wrist is most commonly used to feel the pulse.
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Question 21
Name three other sites where you can feel your pulse. Dorsalis pedis (instep of foot) Brachial artery Common carotid Politeal artery
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Question 22
What is the normal pulse rate? 70-80 bpm
Tachycardia? 100 bpm, rapid resting heart
Brachycardia? 60 bpm, slow resting heart
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Question 24
The device used to measure blood pressure is a sphygmomanometer. Normal blood pressure is 120/80.
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Question 25
Define shock- failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs.
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26. Seven causes of shock
Loss of body fluids Hemorrhage Dehydration Burns Excessive vomiting Diarrhea sweating
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27. Symptoms of shock
Systolic less than 90 Rapid resting heart Weak, rapid pulse Cool, pale skin Sweating Reduced urine
Altered mental state due to lack of oxygen to the brain
Thirst nausea
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Go through Figures 16.8-16.14
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Question 28
How is hypertension defined? Name three lifestyle changes in managing hypertension.
Hypertension- persistently high blood pressure
Lifestyle changes- lose weight, limit alcohol, exercise, reduce salt intake, don’t smoke, manage stress, watch potassium, calcium and magnesium levels.
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Question 29
Define aneurysm. What happens if it is untreated?
Aneurysm- a thin weakened section of the wall of an artery
Untreated- massive hemorrhage, shock, pain, stroke and even death.
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Matching answers
L, K, J, I, H, G, F, E, D, C, B, A
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The end.
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Question 23
What rate is tachycardia?