chapter14
DESCRIPTION
Chapter14TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 14
The HeartThe Heart
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Base
Apex
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Heart structuresHeart structures
Fibrouspericardium
Serouspericardium
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Parietal layer
Pericardial cavity
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium(Visceral layer)
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Heart chambersHeart chambers
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The sac surrounding the heart is the:
A.epicardium.B.endocardium.C.myocardium.D.pericardium.
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Correct answer: D
Rationale:The endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium are the three layers of the heart wall.
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Heart valvesHeart valves
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Heart skeletonHeart skeleton
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Heart soundsHeart sounds
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Which heart valve controls the flow of blood between the left atria and the left ventricle?
A.Pulmonary valveB.Aortic valveC.Tricuspid valveD.Mitral valve
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Correct answer: D
Rationale:The pulmonary valve prevents backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle. The aortic valve prevents backflow from the aorta to the left ventricle. The tricuspid valve prevents backflow from the right ventricle to the right atrium.
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Blood flow through the heartBlood flow through the heart1. 2.
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3. 4.
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5.
View animation of blood flow through the heart
6.
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Coronary circulationCoronary circulationCoronary arteriesCoronary arteries Coronary veinsCoronary veins
Left coronaryartery
Right coronaryartery
Coronary sinus
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Which great vessel supplies blood to the right atrium?
A.Superior and inferior vena cavaeB.AortaC.Pulmonary arteryD.Pulmonary veins
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Correct answer: A
Rationale:The aorta receives blood from the left ventricle. The pulmonary artery receives blood from the right ventricle. The pulmonary veins transport blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
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Cardiac conductionCardiac conduction
View animation of cardiac conduction
11 22
33
44
55
66
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ElectrocardiogramElectrocardiogram
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Cardiac cycleCardiac cycle The series of events from the
beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next
Consists of systolesystole (contraction) and diastolediastole (relaxation)
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Cardiac cycleCardiac cycle
Returning blood fills atria; pressure ↑ Atrioventricular valves open; blood
flows into ventricles P wave appears on
electrocardiogram (marking end of atrial depolarization)
Phase 1: Passive ventricular fillingPhase 1: Passive ventricular filling
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Cardiac cycleCardiac cycle
Atrioventricular valves are open; semilunar valves are closed
Atria contract, ejecting remaining blood
Ventricles are relaxed and fill
Phase 2: Atrial systolePhase 2: Atrial systole
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Cardiac cycleCardiac cycle
Ventricles begin to contract; semilunar valves are still closed
Pressure ↑ rapidly R wave appears on ECG First heart sound (S1) can be heard
Phase 3: Isovolumetric contractionPhase 3: Isovolumetric contraction
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Cardiac cycleCardiac cycle
Semilunar valves open Blood spurts out of each ventricle Some blood remains (residual
volume) T wave occurs at peak ventricular
pressure
Phase 4: Ventricular ejectionPhase 4: Ventricular ejection
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Cardiac cycleCardiac cycle
Occurs before atrioventricular valves open and after semilunar valves have closed
Pressure in ventricles ↓ T wave ends on electrocardiogram Second heart sound (S2) can be heardView animation of cardiac cycle
Phase 5: Isovolumetric ventricular relaxationPhase 5: Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
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What is the heart’s primary pacemaker?
A.Atrioventricular (AV) nodeB.Purkinje fibersC.Sympathetic nervous systemD.Sinoatrial (SA) node
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Correct answer: D
Rationale:If the SA node fails, the AV node and the Purkinje fibers can initiate impulses, but they are not the primary pacemakers. The sympathetic nervous system can alter the heart’s rate, but it does not act as a pacemaker.
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Cardiac outputCardiac output
Cardiac output = Heart rate × Stroke volume
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Input to cardiac centerInput to cardiac center ProprioceptorsProprioceptors: Muscles and joints BaroreceptorsBaroreceptors (pressoreceptorspressoreceptors):
Aorta and internal carotids ChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors: Aortic arch,
carotids, and medulla
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Factors that affect stroke Factors that affect stroke volumevolume
Preload Contractility Afterload
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PreloadPreload The amount of tension in ventricular
muscle before it contracts More blood = more stretch
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ContractilityContractility The force with which ventricular
ejection occurs The greater the stretch, the more
forceful the contraction
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AfterloadAfterload The forces the heart must work
against An increase in afterload → decreased
stroke volume
View animation of preload, contractility, and afterload
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Cardiac output equals:
A.heart rate times stroke volume.B.stroke volume times ejection fraction.C.age times heart rate.D.the percentage of blood ejected by the ventricles with each contraction.
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Correct answer: A
Rationale:Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute. This number is derived by multiplying the amount of blood ejected with each beat (stroke volume) by the number of times the heart beats each minute.
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Left ventricular failureLeft ventricular failure Blood backs up to the lungs Shortness of breath, pulmonary
edema, and coughing result
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Right ventricular failureRight ventricular failure Blood backs up into the vena cava
and peripheral vascular system Generalized swelling, enlarged liver
and spleen, pooling of blood in abdomen, and jugular vein distension results