chapter14
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TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 14
Supernatural Beliefs
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What We Will Learn
• What is religion?• What functions does religion perform for
the individual and the society as a whole?• What different forms does religion take
among the societies of the world?• What role does religion play in the
process of culture change?
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Defining Religion
• A set of beliefs in supernatural forces directed at helping people make sense of the world and solve problems.
• All forms of religion are founded on a belief in the supernatural.
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Religion in Societies
• All societies have:• Religious rituals that appease
supernatural forces• Sets of beliefs concerning what we
would call the soul• Notions about life after death
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Religion in Societies
• Evangelist Timothy J. Keller thrives in Manhattan by embracing the city and identifying with its culture.
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Religion
• Animism • Belief that people have souls or spirits
in addition to physical, visible bodies.• Polytheism
• The belief in the existence of many gods.
• Monotheism• The belief in only one god.
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Religion• Animatism
• Belief in a generalized, impersonal power over which people have some measure of control.
• Mana• An impersonal supernatural force, inhabiting
certain people or things, which is believed to confer power, strength, and success.
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Question
• ______ is a set of beliefs in supernatural beings and forces directed at helping people make sense of the world and solve important problems.
a) Beliefb) Religionc) Rituald) Superstition
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Answer: b
• Religion is a set of beliefs in supernatural beings and forces directed at helping people make sense of the world and solve important problems.
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Supernatural Healing
• A traditional healer from Jamaica uses supernatural powers.
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Magic
• Vodoo, a form of imitative magic, is practiced in Togo.
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Magic• Supernatural beliefs that involve manipulation
of supernatural forces to intervene in human activities and natural events.
• Imitative magic• Based on the idea that the procedure
performed resembles the desired result.• Contagious magic
• Based on the premise that things, once in contact with a person continue to influence that person after separation.
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Sorcery and Witchcraft
• Witchcraft is an inborn, involuntary, and often unconscious capacity to cause harm to other people.
• Sorcery is the performance of certain magical rites for the purpose of harming other people.
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Wicca
• A modern-day movement of witches and pagans.
• Covens are local groups of witches found in major cities in the United States, which are presided over by high priestesses.
• Satanists are individuals belonging to a group of people who worship Satan.
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Wicca
• Led by Amy Krinner, a coven of Wiccans practices magic in Bayshore, New York.
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Question
• _______ involves the manipulation of supernatural forces for the purpose of intervening in a wide range of human activities and natural events.
a) Magicb) Witchcraftc) Sorceryd) Religion
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Answer: a
• Magic involves the manipulation of supernatural forces for the purpose of intervening in a wide range of human activities and natural events.
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Question
• Unlike magic or witchcraft, ________, stories of a culture's gods, their origins, and such, serve to explain the large questions surrounding human existence.
a) legendsb) mythsc) religiond) tales
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Answer: b
• Unlike magic or witchcraft, myths, stories of a culture's gods, their origins, and such, serve to explain the large questions surrounding human existence.
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Myths
• Sacred literature that states certain religious truths.
• Include stories of the gods, their origins, their activities, and the moral injunctions they teach.
• A culture’s mythology is closely connected to its moral and social order.
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Social Functions of Religion
• Social control• Conflict resolution• Intensifying group solidarity
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Psychological Functions of Religion
• Cognitive • Provides an intellectual framework for
explaining parts of our world that we do not understand.
• Emotional• Helps reduce anxiety by prescribing
straightforward ways of coping with stress.
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Question
• By helping individuals cope with the anxieties often accompanying deaths, accidents, illnesses and other misfortunes, religion serves a/an:
a) group identity function. b) cognitive function.c) positive function.d) emotional function.
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Answer: d
• By helping individuals cope with the anxieties often accompanying deaths, accidents, illnesses and other misfortunes, religion serves a/an emotional function.
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Classifying Religions: Anthony Wallace• Wallace identified four principal patterns of
religious organization based on what he calls cults.
• Wallace uses the term cult to refer to forms of religion that have their own set of beliefs, rituals, and goals.
• This use of the term should not be confused with the definition used to refer to an antisocial religious group that brainwashes its members before leading them to mass suicide.
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Classifying Religions: Anthony Wallace
• Four forms of religious organization:• Individualistic cults• Shamanistic cults• Communal cults• Ecclesiastical cults
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Individualistic Cults
• The least complex form of religious organization in which each person is his or her own religious specialist. • Vision quest
• A ritual found among a number of Plains Indian cultures wherein through visions people establish special relationships with spirits who provide them with knowledge, power, and protection.
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Shamanistic Cults
• Forms of religion in which part-time religious specialists called shamans intervene with the deities on behalf of their clients.
• Shaman• A part-time religious specialist who is
thought to have supernatural powers by virtue of birth, training, or inspiration.
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Shamans
• Piaroa Indian shaman Miguel Ochoa is pictured here with medicinal plants gathered from the jungle village of Aska aja, near Puerto Ayacucho, Venezuela.
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Communal Cults• Societies in which groups of ordinary people
conduct religious ceremonies for the well-being of the total community.
• Rites of passage• Any ceremony celebrating the transition of a
person from one social status to another.• Rites of solidarity
• Any ceremony performed for the sake of enhancing of social integration.
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Ecclesiastical Cults• Highly complex religious systems employing
full-time priests.• Ecclesiastical cults are characterized by full-
time professional clergy, who are formally elected or appointed and devote all or most of their time to performing priestly functions.
• Unlike shamans who conduct rituals during times of crisis or when their services are needed, these full-time priests conduct rituals that occur at regular intervals.
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Question
• The most complex form of religion is the ________, which is commonly found in societies with state systems of government.
a) individual cultb) communal cultc) ecclesiastical cultd) shamanistic cult
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Answer: c
• The most complex form of religion is the ecclesiastical cult, which is commonly found in societies with state systems of government.
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Major Religions of the World
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Rabbi Naamah Kelman
• Rabbi Naamah Kelman, the first female rabbi to be ordained in Israel, is a full time religious specialist who works within a hierarchical organization.
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Number of Adherents of Major World Religions
Religion Millions
Christian 2106
Roman Catholic 1105
Protestant 369
Orthodox 218
Anglican 79
Independent 416
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Number of Adherents of Major World Religions
Religion Millions
Bahai 7.5
Buddhist 375
Hindu 851
Jewish 15
Muslim 1283
New Religionists 107
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Characteristics of Different Religious Organizations
Role Specialization Subsistence Example
Individualistic NoneFood
collectorCrow vision
quest
Shamanistic Part-timeFood
collector Pastoralism
Tungus shamanism
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Characteristics of Different Religious Organizations
Role Specialization Subsistence Example
CommunalPerform rites for
communityHorticulture
Totemistic rituals
Ecclesiastical Full-timeHorticulture/Pastoralism
Christianity and
Buddhism
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Religion in the U.S.
• Summary of the findings of two recent surveys on religion in America:• Roman Catholicism is the largest single
religious group, comprising 24% of the adult population.
• Anglicans, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant churches, comprising some 220 denominations, represent 36% of the adult population.
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Religion in the U.S.• Summary of the findings of two recent surveys on
religion in America:• Approximately 1.5% of the population is Jewish.• The Islamic religion is the fastest-growing organized
religion in the United States.• The percentage of adults identifying with a religious
group dropped from 90% in 1990 to 81% in 2001.• The fastest-growing group in the U.S. Is those who
do not identify with any specific religion; this group went from 14.3 million in 1990 to 29.4 million in 2001.
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Globalization of Religion
• Cardinal Bernardin Gantin represents a part of the world that is growing rapidly in the number of people practicing Catholicism.
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Liberation Theology
• A form of Catholicism found throughout South and Central America in which priests and nuns became actively involved in programs for social justice for the poor.
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Religious Forces of Social Change
• Nativistic movements, found among American Indians.
• Cargo cults, found in Melanesia.• Separatist Christian churches are
small-scale churches that break away from the dominant church to gain greater political, economic, social, and religious autonomy.
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Religious Forces of Social Change
• Mahdist movements is a term to describe revitalization movements in the Muslim world.
• Millenarian movements found in Christian areas of the world.
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Revitalization Movements
• Aim to add new life and purpose into the society.
• Tend to occur during times of cultural stress brought about by:• rapid change• foreign domination• perceived deprivation
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Religious Nationalism
• A phenomenon that is occurring in many parts of the world today in which traditional religious principles are merged with the workings of government.
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Religion and Nationalism• On July 4, 2006, this
Statue of Liberation Through Christ was consecrated at a fundamentalist church in Memphis, Tennessee, as a way of demonstrating their belief that Christianity is the foundation of American society.