CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO OS

CLO1: Analyzed the step process performed by operating system based on management of memory, resource and file to ensure the computer system operates at optimum performance. (C4)

CLO2: Install and configure correctly workstation and domain server using MS Windows server or Open Sources server operating system.(P4)

EARLY HISTORY

Before The 1940s After the 1940s

BEFORE THE 1940s

ABACUS ABACUS COUNTERCOUNTER

BEFORE THE 1940s

PASCAL PASCAL PASCALINEPASCALINE

PUNCH CARD PUNCH CARD MACHINE MACHINE

JACQUARD’S JACQUARD’S LOOMLOOM

BEFORE THE 1940s

BABBAGE BABBAGE DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE

ENGINEENGINE

BEFORE THE 1940s

DIVIDED INTO FOUR MAIN GENERATIONS :

* 1ST GENERATION –

Vacuum Tube & Plug Boards (1945 - 1955)

•2ND GENERATION –

Transistors & Batch Systems (1955 - 1965)

•3RD GENERATION –

ICs & Multiprogramming (1965 - 1980)

•4TH GENERATION –

Personal Computer (1980 - 1990)

BEFORE THE 1940s

1st GENERATION (1945-1955)Vacuum Tube and Plug boards

Computing machine that uses vacuum tube was invented.

Used to process and store information.

Produced in very large sizes.The reaction is too slow.

Produce large amounts of heat.

A group of people to design, build and operate a machine.

All programs will be made in machine language by connecting the plug board to control the basic functions of a machine.

Examples of successful first-generation machine was built between Mark 1, ENIAC, EDVAC and UNIVAC.

1st GENERATION (1945-1955)Vacuum Tube and Plug boards

1st GENERATION (1945-1955)Vacuum Tube and Plug boards

1st GENERATION (1945-1955)Vacuum Tube and Plug boards

2nd GENERATION (1955-1965)Transistor and Batch System

Transistors and diodes, and replace the vacuum tubes. Machine can only be handled by professionals employees only. Only large companies, government and university only to have this

machine.

Batch system:

• Collect as much information as input. • Copied to magnetic tape. • Examples of second-generation machine is IBM 7094 and IBM 1401

Model 1.

3rd GENERATION(1965-1980)ICs & Multiprogrammming

Use of integrated circuits (IC). Can be produced without the cost is too high,

a lot and in a faster rate.

Multiprogramming system:• First introduced to computer 7094.• Designed to avoid long waiting time.• Distribution of memory to some space with the

function of each part is different.

4th GENERATION (1980-1990)Personal Computer (PC)

PC designed to be used for an individual. The first PC was successfully created in

1975 is MITS Altair 8800. Use a workstation that is connected using a

network.

OPERATING SYSTEM

Generally, there are two types of software:

* System Software

* Applications Software

DEFINITIONS OF OS

A main control program of a computer. It provides a user interface that:

* Interpret the order entered   from users* Work Schedule * Manage the storage* Handle the communication with the software.

* All users must communicate with the operating system.

USE THE OS

Ensure the work can be done by regular users. Order to interpret the user. Handle any errors. Handling input-output. Interrupt handling. Managing memory.

TYPES OF OS

Batch Processing

Multi-Programming

Time Sharing

Distributed

Batch Processing

Some programs are grouped together in a group.

Work carried out one by one according to the sequential job

scheduling (FIFO).

To determine the proper work done at one time, an additional routine

use is called scheduler.

A specific technique is required to enable the input-output run

concurrently with the processing.

This technique can be used with the creation of two tools:

* Processing of input-output

* Interrupt

Batch Processing

Input output processing:

- A device that can control one or more memory without

going through the central processor.

interrupt:

- A transfer of signals to the central processor control to a

certain location and at the same time keep the counter of

the past.

- Will cause a running program at that time will be stopped

for a while but can resumed in the near future.

Multi-programming System

Overcome the problem of cluster systems (1 job at

a time).

A technique to run multiple programs on one

machine at the same time.

Some programs included in the memory

simultaneously and dividing the central processor

time to process each of these programs.

Multi-Programming System

During implementation, these programs are usually seen on two phases:

* Computing -Intensive (box shade)

* i / o Intensive (without shade)

Series of programs resulting in either the processor or i / o device to be idle at a

time while the work is always have.

Way around this problem is with the implementation of multi-programming

scenarios.

PROGRAMM 1

PROGRAMM 2

P1

IDLE P1

IDLE P1

P2

IDLE P2

IDLE P2

SEQUANTIAL IMPLEMENTATION

Multi-Programming System

Processor execute a program.

Program 1 must wait for the i / o device

Processors run the 2 programs.

When a job finished second program, processor will execute the first program review. And so on..

Advantages:

* OS performance increase when several programs were conducted simultaneously

* The use of the processor 100%

PROGRAMM 1PROGRAMM 2

P1

P2 P1

P2 P1

P2

MULTIPROGRAMMING IMPLEMENTATION

Time Sharing

Allow the use of the system simultaneously by many users.

Users will feel the computer system just for her alone.

This is because the computer system to give the time slice

processor to run each job for each user.

When slices of time a job ends, processing services provided to

other jobs waiting to be implemented.

Interrupt processing and provision of services to other

processes implemented immediately. So users are not aware of

the interrupt his work.

Real Time System

This system is used in many environments of events and process in

short time.

So conscious of time in operation

If the system is unable to perform or process any task within the

prescribed time will result in system failure.

The main objectives:

* Provides a response time of an incident quickly and follow the

scheduling.

Second objective:

* Consider the convenience of users and use of material resources.

Distributed OS

One idea that computer systems can

communicate and collaborate between hardware

and software (interconnected through

communication & protocol)

The main objectives are transparent

Distribution of components and material

resources hidden from the user and application

program unless requested.

Distributed OS

Advantages:

* Sharing of resources

* Manage remote access resources

* Communicating with the far

processes

EXAMPLE OF OS

OPERATING SYSTEM : MS-DOS

MS-DOS : Microsoft Disk Operating SystemMS-DOS 2.0MS-DOS 3.3MS-DOS 4MS-DOS 5MS-DOS 6.0 / 6.2 /6.22

Note PC-DOS

IBM Product

EXAMPLE OF OS

EXAMPLE OF OS

Good operating system is UNIX, LINUX and Windows NT/2000/XP/7

Although DR-DOS and OS / 2 is better than MS-DOS, but both lack the OS market

EXAMPLE OF OS

Hardware compatibility and minimum requirement for installation of a particular

operating system.(windows xp)

The minimum hardware requirements for Windows XP Home Edition are:Pentium 233-megahertz (MHz) processor or faster (300 MHz is recommended)

At least 64 megabytes (MB) of RAM (128 MB is recommended)

At least 1.5 gigabytes (GB) of available space on the hard disk

CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive Keyboard and a Microsoft Mouse or some other compatible

pointing device Video adapter and monitor with Super VGA (800 x 600)or

higher resolution Sound card Speakers or headphones

Hardware compatibility and minimum requirement for installation of a particular

operating system.(Windows 8)

Even if you're running an older system, chances are it'll meet these basic system requirements :

Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster Memory: 1 gigabyte (GB) (32-bit) or 2 GB (64-bit) RAM Hard disk space: 16 GB (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit) Graphics card: Microsoft DirectX 9 graphics device with

WDDM driver Look up your system specs by right-clicking on My

Computer in the Start Menu and going to Properties (or go to Start > Programs > Accessories > System Tools > System Information).

Identify open source and closed source operating systems.

Open-source means the source code is available to the end-user. The user can modify and change it, following the guidelines in the accompanying license.

Close-source means that the source code is held by the developer, and only they can make any changes or study it.

Closed source

There are many closed source systems in use. Microsoft Windows and Apple OS X operating systems are closed source, and both platforms provide software for a variety of computing contexts, including personal, server and mobile. The most widely used operating systems on personal computers, particularly desktop PCs, tend to be closed source, although open source alternatives are on the rise.

Open source

A number of open source operating systems are in use for desktop, server and mobile devices. Although most personal PCs run a closed source system, a substantial portion of the Web servers in operation run an open source platform, particularly Linux, which is the most common open source system in use as of 2011. The increase in mobile computing has also caused an increase in the use of open source operating systems, including Ubuntu Linux and Google's Chrome and Android systems.

What a shell program is: menu-driven system, fully graphical user interface.

Shell is another term for user interface. Operating systems and applications sometimes provide an alternative shell to make interaction with the program easier.

For example, if the application is usually command driven, the shell might be a menu-driven system that translates the user's selections into the appropriate commands.

menu-driven system

The Menu-Driven Interface With a menu driven interface the user interacts with the

computer by selecting options from a menu. A typical program will have many menus which the user

can access. Here is an example of one menu from a word processing package :

menu-driven system

Menus can be either full screen or pull-down. Pull-down menus are accessed by selecting the menu from a menu bar. Pop-up menus are activated by pressing a button on the mouse.

Examples of systems which use a menu driven interface are : Wordwise word processor A bank cash point machine Grass database

graphical user interface.

The Graphical User Interface With a Graphical User Interface (GUI) the

user interacts with the computer by using a pointing device such as a mouse or trackball.

The most popular form of GUI is a Windows, Icon, Menu and Pointer (WIMP) system. The important features of a WIMP system are :

1. Window : An area of the screen which is used to display a particular program or piece of work. Many windows can be displayed on the screen at the same time. e.g.

2. Icon : An informative picture / symbol displayed on the screen which the user chooses to select an action. Icons can usually be used to represent software packages, documents and hardware devices. e.g.

3. Menu : A list of options which the user can pick from. Menus can be pull-down (selected from a menu bar at the top of the screen) or pop-up (selected by pressing a mouse button). e.g.