chapter twenty-one the muslim empires world history/ppt/chapter_21.ppt.pdfchapter 21:the muslim...
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE The Muslim Empires
World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
*AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India!
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders! Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks
Period of warfare between those fleeing the Mongols, and other Turkish people in search of booty! Ottomans emerge as dominant force! Into Balkans, 14th, 15th centuries advance through Asia Minor and into Europe! 1453, take Constantinople! Expansion ! Middle East, north Africa, Europe! Dominate Mediterranean
risen to become the protectors of the Islamic heartlands!
A. A State Geared to Warfare Military dominated the state as well as the economy
Warrior Aristocracy, granted control over land and peasant producers in certain areas! Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility! Janissary infantry! Conscripted youth from conquered peoples opportunities for advancement legally slaves, given schooling , converted to Islam controlled the artillery and firearms, most powerful component of Ottoman military try and get political influence !
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders !B. The Sultans and their Court
Absolute Monarchs, successful by using factions against each other as empire grew, Sultan grew more distant from his empire ! Vizier! Oversees large bureaucracy and day-to day activities often holds more real power than the Sultan! Succession ! No clear rules meant constant civil strife about succession!
C. Constantinople Restored and the Flowering of Ottoman Culture
Hagia Sophia converted into a mosque! Suleymaniye mosque, 16th century among the largest in the world, characteristic of Ottoman architecture that was different from their counterpa ! Commercial center, Constantinople’s great bazaars pivotal to social life and played a role in cultural life! Government control of trade, crafts! Artisan guilds set standards, mediated disputes, provided financial assistance for members ! Turkish language prevails in government, poetry and history Arabic used in law and religion!
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders!D. The Problem of Ottoman Decline!
Strong until late 1600s, endure for almost 600 years! ! Decline! Extended too large to maintain decline of the effectiveness of the administrative system, corruption! Infrastructure insufficient! Dependent on conquest! End of conquest brings deficiencies insufficient artillery ! ! !
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders! !
E. Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat! Janissaries! Conservative, did not want to lose their power ! Stop military, technological reform=fell further behind other European powers! Lepanto, 1571! Defeated by Spain, Venice end their dominance on the seas! Turks lose control of eastern Mediterranean! Portuguese outflank Middle East trade! Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean! Victories over Muslim navies European powers no longer travel through Muslim ports ! Inflation! Caused by New World bullion/silver mines! Comes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade Continue to fall further and further behind other European countries in scientific, technology and commerical most critical in trade and warfare !
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids, Ottomans are Sunnis ! Safavid family rose to prominance as the frontier warrior champions of a highly militant strain of Islam, much like Ottomans! Sufi preachers, mystics (Who?)! Sail al-Din! Leads revival, led militant campaign to purify and reform Islam gained increasing support during the chaos of Mongol collapse also enemies ! 1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz ! Named shah after several Safavid leaders perish conquer most of Persia conflict with Ottoman rulers! Chaldiran, 1514 (most fateful battles in Islamic history) clash between the champions of the Shi’a and Sunni variants demonstrated the importance of muskets and field cannon in the gunpowder age! Safavids defeated by Ottomans but, could not follow up with conquests that would put an end to their Safavid rivals regroup and reoccupy most of area that had been conquered, no more moving west. Outcome determined that Shi’ism would be concentrated mainly in Persia or present day Iran.
!
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
The Safavid Empire
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids A. Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs!
Tahmasp I ! Becomes shah after Ismail struggles restores the power of the dynasty, warrior nobility! Abbas I (1587--1629) Abbas the Great made the greatest use of the youths who were captured in Russia ! Persians as bureaucrats!
B. State and Religion! Adopt Persian after Chaldiran replaces turkish in court and bureaucracy! Shi'ism modified as it becomes a major pillar of dynasty and empire! Spreads to entire empire not only provides ideological and institutional support but also cam to be an integral part of Iranian identity!
C. Elite Affluence and Artistic Splendor Abbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture! Building projects network of roads, rest houses built, strove to make merchants and travelers safe ! Isfahan (capital) devoted special attention to Mosques built=glory of his reign (page 470)!
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids!D. Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons
Commonalities! Warrior aristocracies, absolute monarchs! Move to rural estates after conquest! Threat to central power! Imperial workshops! Artisans patronized! International trade encouraged! Women lose freedom! Subordinate to fathers, husband did not have political or religious power!
E. The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire Abbas I! Removes heirs! Weak grandson inherits! Decline begins Factional disputes and rebellions Ottoman and Mughal armies reduce territory! Internecine conflict, outside threats! 1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis over 80,000 die of starvation and disease! Nadir Khan Afshar Shah, 1736
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India! Babur, traces his descent from Mongol khan! Driven from Afghanistan, motives for conquest had little to do with religion ! Invades India, 1526 to gain booty attempting to win back his lost kingdom of Ferghana after years of defeat he is forced to give up dream and focuses on Northern India Conquers large portions of Indus and Ganges plains (foundations for dynasty would last more than 300 yrs) 1530, death! Succeeded by Humayn, son signal for enemies to attack from all sides! Flees to Persia when armies are shattered ! Mughal rule restored by Humayn by 1556 and he dies shortly after !
A. Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Empire Akbar! Humayn's 13-year-old son, proved to be one of the greatest leaders fine military commander vision to unite India under his rule carried out social reforms and invented a universalistic religion! Reconciliation with Hindus encouraged intermarriage, abolished head tax or jizya promoted Hindus to high ranks in govt. ! New religion, Din-i-Ilahi! Blend of Islam and Hinduism! Toleration!
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India !B. Social Reform and Social Change
Women! Position improved! Widows encouraged to remarry! Child marriages discouraged! Sati prohibited! Seclusion undermined by women's market days!
C. Mughal Splendor and Early European Contacts Death of Akbar lonely, discouraged and challenged by his sons ! Reforms don't survive! Empire strong, reaches its peak without much growth territorial major destination for European traders in late 17th Century ! Cotton textiles to Europe! Especially among laboring and middle classes!
D. Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era Jahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th century! Continue toleration and maintain alliances with Hindu princes! Less energetic, not interested in conquest and politics rather enjoying the “good” life! Support arts! Taj Mahal built Mughal architecture blend of Persian and Hindu!
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India!E. Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women
Left day to day tasks largely in hands of subordinate Nur Jahan! Wife of Jahangir! Head of powerful faction, placed male relatives in courts defeated by her roles as a wife and mother, giving birth to 19th child! Mumtaz Mahal! Wife of Shah Jahan! Also powerful, but known more for love and devotion buried in Taj Mahal! Ordinary women! Position declines! Sati spreads among upper classes! Other of Akbar's reforms die out!
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in Indi
F. The Beginnings of Imperial Decline Aurangzeb! Succeeds Shah Jahan! Programs! Rule all India! Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint! 1707, controls most of India Expensive, distracting! Other developments disregarded! Revolt! Autonomy of local leaders! Hindus exluded from high office! Non-Muslims taxed! Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule