Chapter Seven: The Age of Immigration

Chapter Seven: The Age of ImmigrationNow a word from Arnold clip.

Standards CoveredCE 6.1.1 I can analyze the factors that enabled the United States to become a major industrial power including the increase in labor through immigration and migration.CE 6.1.3 I can analyze the changing urban and rural landscape by examining the resulting tensions among and within groups and examining the different perspectives about immigrant experiences in an urban setting.

Immigrants: Section OneGOING THROUGH THE GOLDEN DOOR OF OPPORTUNITYWhy did millions of immigrants enter the U.S. late 19th/early 20th century: better life, escape famine or land shortages, religious/political pressure, rising populationSome labeled as birds of passage to earn enough $ here to return home

EuropeansAround 1870 1920 about 20 million come to U.S. ( arrive at the East Coast)Before 1890 many arrive from western/northern EuropeAfter 1890s more come from southern/eastern EuropeEuropeans inspired by a revolutionary spirit seek U.S. for freedom and promises of land and jobsImmigrants

Japanese/ChineseFewer than Europe1851-1883 about 300,000 came (West Coast)1848Came for gold rush in CA, helped build railroads, and eventually seek farming, mining, and domestic jobsLimited by Congress in 1882Many also immigrated to Hawaii before it was annexed in 1898Hawaiian planters recruited from JapanAsian immigrants increase due to the word of high American wages

Immigrants

West Indies/MexicoJamaican, Cuban, and Puerto Rican immigrants came for industry jobs between 1880 1920260,0000 in total1902 National Reclamation Act: irrigation creates new, Western farmlandprovides job opportunitiesIncrease in immigration from Mexico because of political problems

Immigrants

A NEW LIFE IN NORTH AMERICAGetting to the United States:Hard trip by boat 1 3 weeksUsually below deck crowded together, no fresh air (spreads disease); lice roaming everywhere, shared bathroomsMany are detained or not allowed in when they got here (mostly due to failure of a physical exam)about 2% denied entryImmigrants

ImmigrantsLegal Requirements: had to have no criminal background, needed some $, and prove they could workEllis Island (New York): East Coast, 17 million Euro immigrantsAngel Island (California): West Coast, 50,000 Asian immigrants much harsher conditions (much questioning and run-down facilities)

Immigrants

Immigrants

Immigrants

ImmigrantsOnce they got in:Need place to live, job, dont know language, differences in cultureSettled in ethnic communities for cultural similaritiescreate churches, orphanages, newspaper, social clubs, etc.Faced discrimination from nativeswanted to fit in, but also wanted to hang on to the culture of their homeland

IMMIGRATION RESTRICTIONSA melting pot: a mixture of people of different cultures and races that blend togetherforgetting some of their customs and traditionsNativism: favoritism toward native-born Americansusually favored immigration restrictionsunless you come from England, Germany, or a Scandinavian country Dislike based more on religion than race: Protestants vs. Jew and Catholics

Immigrants

Immigrants1897Protestants influenced congress to pass a literacy test for immigrantsCleveland vetoed it, but in 1917a similar bill did passCompetition for jobs and Depression of 1873 (in California) intensified anti-Chinese feelings1882 Chinese Exclusion Act = restricted Chinese for ten years unless you were a student, teacher, merchant, tourist or govt. official Gentlemens Agreement Japan upset about segregation in CA. T eddy Roosevelt steps in with a deal that gets them to limit immigration if CA repeals segregation

Immigrants

Immigrants

Immigrants

The Challenges of Urbanization: Section TwoU.S. pop in 1870 = 10 million U.S. pop in 1920 = 54 millionUrbanization = growth of cities; most in Midwest and Northeast Technology created new industry jobs in the U.S.

Immigrants settled in cities because of jobs and cheap places to live Americanization movement govt tried to teach skills to assimilate to other cultures that were not like the dominant culture (teach kids in schoolsgovt., English, and history)Immigrants do not accept the movement; they hang around people of their culture insteadWhy?

The Challenges of Urbanization

The Challenges of UrbanizationTech replaced people on farmsreaper and steel plow replace working men they move to the city to find jobs 1890-1910 African Americans move North (Detroit and Chicago) to escape violence, economic turmoil, and corrupt politicsyet, cannot get away from discrimination and segregation

URBAN PROBLEMSThe Challenge of Housing: can live on the outskirts of town with expensive transportation; row homes that are packed next to each other or tenements: cheap, overcrowded (2 to 3 families), dirty (dump garbage in vents), and dangerousMass transit: helps people to get to work with street cars/subways help move peopleCity water is unclean, no indoor plumbing, collect water from pails to us

The Challenges of UrbanizationDo you love trash? I know someone that absolutely loves it.

The Challenges of Urbanization

The Challenges of Urbanization

REFORMING THE DAMAGESocial Gospel religious salvation is promised through service to the poorSettlement houses community centers that provide assistance to the poor and immigrantsRan by college-educated women to offer social services such as education, housing, food, health care, etc.Jane Addams founded Hull HouseThe Challenges of Urbanization

Politics in the Guilded Age: Section ThreeTHE RISE OF POLITICAL MACHINESCities with growing populations gave rise to political machines and the city bossPolitical Machine group controls political party in the city and offers services in exchange for votes and financial support. Took control in NY, San Fran, Baltimore and othersThe machine is organized like a pyramid workers and ward captains (try to gain voter support on blocks), they report to ward boss (secures the votes), city boss at top to control all political activities

Boss controls access to jobs, controls courts, and local govtSome bosses did good things like building schools, hospitals, parks sewer systems, waterworks, and orhphanages Most were first/second gen immigrants, not educated, rags to riches scenario, understood the plight of new immigrants due to language and solution abilitiesHelped immigrants obtain citizenship in return for votes

Politics in the Guilded AgeThe Godfathers Perspective

Politics in the Guilded AgeMUNCIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDALSome used fake names/dead people to cast votes as neededOnce candidates are in office, they use graft = illegal use of political influence for personal gainKickbacks: bribes for allowing illegal activities

Boss Tweed NYCs leader of Tammany Hall, allowed corrupt politicians to defraud the city until Thomas Nast (a political cartoonist) brought him downNYC Courthouse cost people $13 million - $10 million went into Tweeds pocketTweed charged with 120 counts of fraud and extortion and spent 12 years in jail

Politics in the Guilded Age

Politics in the Guilded Age

Politics in the Guilded Age

Politics in the Guilded AgePatronage giving govt jobs to people who get a person electedThis gave unqualified people/sometime corrupt people jobsReformers want it to be replaced with civil service: govt administration jobs go to most qualifiedRutherford Hayes tried to make reforms by naming independents to his cabinet and investigates customhouses for patronage; fires two of them and Republicans are outrage

James Garfield hired reformers for his patronage jobs but was shot by a disgruntled lawyer Arthur Hayes pushed for civil service reformPendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 jobs awarded based on merit and examPolitical candidates start to look elsewhere for $ to get elected

Politics in the Guilded Age

BUSINESS BUYS OFF INFLUENCEPoliticians needing money and formed partnerships with big businessBig business wanted higher tariffs on foreign goodsDems were against tariffs because it increases prices

Politics in the Guilded Age

Politics in the Guilded AgeGrover Cleveland elected and tried to lower tariffs; he was not re-electedBig business supported (R) Harrison with major financial contributions because he would higher the tariffs McKinley Tariff of 1890 raises themCleveland elected again in 1892, only pres to serve non-consec. terms1897 William McKinley became pres, raised tariff again