chapter one final

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Prepared and Delivered by:

Prof. W. Gagakuma

PhD Department ECSU

Email: [email protected]

[email protected]: 0921384609

First Semester 2011/2012 Academic Year
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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By the end of this course, graduate students willbe able to:

Define public policy

Explain the importance of public policy Identify major categories of public policy and

approaches to public policy study.


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Course Outline

Definition and conceptual framework of publicpolicy

Rational behind public policy

Major categories of public policy Approaches to policy study

The limits to public policy


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MODE OF ASSESSMENT & PERFORMANCE

EVALUATION

Term Paper..30%

Case study.....10%

Test..20%

Final exam....40% Total100%

5


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Consider a recent policy formulated in your Ministry,Department, Agency or Administration and carryoutthe following tasks:

Describe the process used in formulating the policy(2 pages)

Describe the problem that the policy is intended tosolve (1 page)

Describe the stakeholders that are affected by this

policy and the nature of the impact or effect on eachof them - (2 pages)

Is the policy working well? - (1 page)

Propose a method for conducting further studies in

order to make policy changes - (4 pages) 6


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What is Public Policy?

The authoritative statements or actions ofgovernment which reflect the decisions, values,or goals of policymakers.


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Public policy is the sum of government activities,whether pursued directly or through agents, as thoseactivities have an influence on the lives of citizens.

Public management policies are Government-wideinstitutional rules and routines that guide, constrain,and motivate the public service, typically managed bycentral agencies (e.g. Ministry of Civil Service, PublicProcurement Authority etc.)


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The combination of basic decisions,commitments, and actions made by thosewho hold or affect government positions of

authority. What governments do.

NB:

Public policy is not (solely) legislation.

Public policy is a process.


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Rational behind public policy

Why is public policy important?Plenary Discussion

Suggestions:

Try to promote economic efficiencyby correcting for market failure

To redistribute benefits and/or costs

of natural resource useAmong members of current generation

Among generations


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Scientific understanding: improveknowledge of society

Professional advice: apply social

science knowledge to solution ofpractical problems

Policy Recommendations: moral

obligation on social scientists toadvance specific polices?


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What can be learned from policy

analysis?

Description of the policy

Causes of the policy Consequences of the policy


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Analysis and advocacy are different

Analysis Explanation rather than prescription

Scientific search for cause andconsequence

Accumulating reliable researchfindings of general interest.


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Policy Domain

Conceptual Framework-What is

Included in Public Management Policy

Expenditure PlanningProcess and Financial

Management

Civil Service and

Labour Relations

Procurement

Organization andMethodsAudit and Evaluation


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What Public Management Policies are

Not

Broad Political Reform

Political Decentralization

Executive Leadership

Program Designs Reform Themes


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Types of public policies

I. Incentive based policies

A. Market based incentives

B. Government sponsored incentives

II. Direct public action

A. Command and control (Regulation)

B. Public production


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B. Government sponsored incentives

Taxes or fees in markets where the priceis too low

Examples: fees for fishing in public waters;grazing on public lands

Subsidies in markets where the quantityis too low

Examples: providing free tree seedlings; for

soil conservation investments by farmers


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A. Command and control refers to governmentissuing orders, promulgating regulationsregarding for example access and use of

natural resources Examples: size and quantity restrictions

on catch in fisheries; habitat protection topreserve endangered species


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Direct public action

B. Direct public production of publicgoods and services that the marketwould not produce enough of.

Examples: National parks, wildliferefuges and forests; public beaches;flood control projects


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Correcting for market failure throughthe assignment (and enforcement) ofproperty rights


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Approaches to policy studies

Three general approaches

1. Analycentric approach : It focuses on individualproblems and solutions ; its scope is micro-scale and itsoutcome is of technical nature. Its aim is to identify themost effective and efficient solution in technical and

economic terms2. Policy process approach : Its focus is political processand stakeholders ; scope is mesoscale and outcome is ofpolitical nature

3.Meta-policy approach : It is a system and context

approach ; scope macro-scale and outcome is of structuralnature


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Meaning of Meta Analysis

Meta-analysis refers to the analysis of analyses. Itrefers to the statistical analysis of a large collection ofresults from individual studies for the purpose ofintegrating the findings. It connotes a rigorous

alternative to the casual, narrative discussions ofresearch studies which typify attempts to make senseof the rapidly expanding research literature. (Glass,1976)

In a meta-analysis, research studies are collected,coded, and interpreted using statistical methodssimilar to those used in primary data analysis. Theresult is an integrated review of findings that is more

objective and exact than a narrative review 25


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METHODOLOGY

It includes :

Qualitative methods

Quantitative methods

Case studies

Survey research Statistical analysis

Model building

One common methodology to define the problem

and evaluation criteria ; identify all alternatives ;evaluate them ; and come out with best policy


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The limits to public policystudies

Limits on governments powers

Disagreements over the problems

Analysis itself is a subjective process

Limitations on the design of research Complexity of Human Behaviours

Difficult skill to acquire

An applied sub field of economics, politics, law,

public administration, sociology etc. No one model of choice for analysts to

test/use that will give the best results.


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Thank You

chapter one final

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