chapter introduction lesson 1 solids, liquids, and...

Chapter Introduction

Lesson 1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Lesson 2 Changes in State

Lesson 3 The Behavior of Gases

Chapter Wrap-Up

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What physical changes and energy changes occur as matter goes from one state to another?


What do you think?

Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.


1. Particles moving at the same speed make up all matter.

2. The particles in a solid do not move.

3. Particles of matter have both potential energy and kinetic energy.

4. When a solid melts, thermal energy is removed from the solid.

Do you agree or disagree?


5. Changes in temperature and pressure affect gas behavior.

6. If the pressure on a gas increases, the volume of the gas also increases.



Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC

• How do particles move in solids, liquids, and gases?

• How are the forces between particles different in solids, liquids, and gases?

Solids, Liquids, and Gases


Lesson 1-1

Two factors determine the state of matter:

Describing Matter

• the motion of the particles of the matter

• the forces between the particles of the matter


Lesson 1-1

• Regardless of how close particles are to each other, they all have random motion; movement in all directions and at different speeds.

• Collisions of particles usually change the speed and direction of the particles’ movements.

Describing Matter (cont.)


Lesson 1-1

• In some matter, the particles move slowly.

• The particles vibrate in place.

• The attractive forces between the particle are strong.



Lesson 1-1

• In other matter, the particles move faster and slip past each other.

• The distance between the particles increases.

• The attractive forces between the particles are weaker.



Lesson 1-1

• In other matter, the particles move very fast.

• The distance between the particles is great.

• The attractive forces between the particles are very weak.



Lesson 1-1

In summary:



313_links/states_matter_motion.avi

Lesson 1-1

• As the motion of the particles slows, the particles move closer. The attractive forces become stronger.

• As the motion of the particles increases, the particles move farther apart. The attractive forces become weaker.



Lesson 1-2

• A solid is matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume.

• The attractive forces between the particles in a solid are strong and pull them close together.

Solids


Lesson 1-2

Solids (cont.)

Describe the movement of particles in a solid and the forces between them.


Lesson 1-2

Solids (cont.)

• Different particle arrangements give materials different properties.

• A diamond is a crystalline solid with particles arranged in a specific, repeating order. Charcoal is an amorphous solid with randomly arranged particles.


Lesson 1-3

• A liquid is matter with a definite volume but no definite shape.

• Liquids flow and can take the shape of their containers.

Liquids


Lesson 1-3

The particle motion in a liquid is faster than the particle motion in a solid.

Liquids (cont.)


Lesson 1-3

Viscosity is a measurement of a liquid’s resistance to flow.

Liquids (cont.)

Dr. Parvinder Sethi Scott Thomas/Getty Images


Lesson 1-3

• Molecules at the surface of a liquid have surface tension, the uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid.

• The surface tension of water enables certain insects to walk on the surface of a lake.

Liquids (cont.)


Lesson 1-2

Describe the movement of particles in a liquid and the forces between them.

Liquids (cont.)


Lesson 1-4

• A gas is matter that has no definite volume and no definite shape.

• Compared to the particles in the solid and the liquid states, the particles in gases are far apart.

Gases


Lesson 1-4

• In a gas, the forces of attraction between the particles are not strong enough to keep the particles close together.

• Because the particles in gas are moving quickly, the distance between particles increases, and the attractive forces between particles decreases.

• The gas state of a substance that is normally a solid or a liquid at room temperature is called vapor.

Gases (cont.)


Lesson 1-2

How do particles move and interact in a gas?

Gases (cont.)


Lesson 1 - VS

• In some matter, particles can only vibrate in place. The particles are close together, and there are strong forces among them.


Lesson 1 - VS

• In other matter, the particles are far enough apart that particles can flow past other particles. The forces among these particles are weaker than those shown above.


Lesson 1 - VS

• In another group of matter, the particles are far apart and there is little or no attraction among the particles.


Lesson 1 – LR1

A. solid

B. plasma

C. liquid

D. gas

Which describes matter with a definite volume but no definite shape?


Lesson 1 – LR2

A. closer together

B. farther apart

C. slower moving

D. tightly packed

Compared to a liquid, which best describes the particles of a gas?


Lesson 1 – LR3

Which term refers to the gas state of a substance that is a solid at room temperature?

A. plasma

B. surface tension

C. vapor

D. viscosity


Lesson 1 - Now

1. Particles moving at the same speed

make up all matter.

2. The particles in a solid do not move.




• How is temperature related to particle motion?

• How are temperature and thermal energy different?

• What happens to thermal energy when matter changes from one state to another?

Changes in State


Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab

• kinetic energy

• temperature

• thermal energy

• vaporization

Changes in State

• evaporation

• condensation

• sublimation

• deposition


Lesson 2-1

• Particles that make up matter have kinetic energy, the energy an object has due its motion.

• The faster particles move, the more kinetic energy they have.

Kinetic and Potential Energy


Lesson 2-1

• Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles in an object.

• Within a given substance, a temperature increase means that the particles, on average, are moving at greater speeds.

Kinetic and Potential Energy (cont.)


Lesson 2-1


How is temperature related to particle motion?


Lesson 2-1

• Potential energy of particles typically increases as the particle get farther apart.

• The farther an object is from Earth’s surface, the greater the gravitational potential energy.



Lesson 2-1


Lesson 2-2

• Thermal energy is the total potential and kinetic energy of an object.

• You can change an object’s state of matter by adding or removing thermal energy.

• If enough thermal energy is added or removed from an object, a change of state can occur.

Thermal Energy


Lesson 2-2

Thermal Energy (cont.)

How do thermal energy and temperature differ?


Lesson 2-3

• To change matter from a solid to a liquid, thermal energy must be added.

• Once a solid reaches the melting point, additional thermal energy is used by the particles to overcome their attractive forces, the particles move farther apart and potential energy increases.

Solid to Liquid or Liquid to Solid


Lesson 2-3

Adding thermal energy to matter causes the particles that make up the matter to increase in kinetic energy, potential energy, or both.


Lesson 2-3

• Freezing is a process that is the opposite of melting.

• The temperature at which matter changes from the liquid state to the solid state is its freezing point.

Solid to Liquid or Liquid to Solid (cont.)


Lesson 2-4

• The change in state of a liquid into a gas is vaporization.

• Vaporization that occurs within a liquid is called boiling and the temperature at which boiling occurs in a liquid is called its boiling point.

Liquid to Gas or Gas to Liquid


Lesson 2-4

At the boiling point, the potential energy of particles begins increasing.


Lesson 2-4

Evaporation is vaporization that occurs only at the surface of a liquid.

Liquid to Gas or Gas to Liquid (cont.)

evaporation

from Latin evaporare, means “disperse in steam or vapor”


Lesson 2-4

• When a gas loses enough thermal energy, the gas changes to a liquid, or condenses.

• The change of state from a gas to a liquid is called condensation.

Liquid to Gas or Gas to Liquid (cont.)


Lesson 2-5

• Sublimation is the change of state from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid state.

• Deposition is the change of state of a gas to a solid without going through the liquid state.

Solid to Gas or Gas to Solid


Lesson 2-5

Solid to Gas or Gas to Solid (cont.)

deposition

Science Use the change of state of a gas to a solid without going through the liquid state

Common Use giving a legal testimony under oath


Lesson 2-6

• Water is the only substance that exists naturally as a solid, a liquid, and a gas on Earth.

• At 0°C, water molecules vibrate so rapidly that they begin to move out of their places, the particles overcome their attractive forces, and melting occurs.

States of Water


Lesson 2-6

States of Water (cont.)

• When water reaches 100°C, the boiling point, liquid water begins to change to water vapor.

• Cooling water vapor changes the gas to a liquid, and cooling the water further changes it to ice.


Lesson 2-6



Lesson 2-2

Describe the changes in thermal energy as water goes from a solid to a liquid.



Lesson 2-6

When matter changes state, matter and energy are always conserved.

Conservation of Mass and Energy


313_links/states_matter.swf

Lesson 2 - VS

• All matter has thermal energy, and thermal energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy.

• When thermal energy is added to a liquid, vaporization can occur.

• When enough thermal energy is removed from matter, a change of state can occur.


Lesson 2 – LR1

A. thermal energy

B. temperature

C. sublimation

D. evaporation

Which term refers to the average kinetic energy of all the particles in an object?


Lesson 2 – LR2

A. carbon

B. carbon dioxide

C. salt

D. water

Which substance exists naturally on Earth as a solid, liquid and gas?


Lesson 2 – LR3

A. sublimation

B. evaporation

C. deposition

D. condensation

Which term refers to the change of state of a gas to a solid without going through the liquid state?


Lesson 2 - Now

3. Particles of matter have both potential energy and kinetic energy.

4. When a solid melts, thermal energy is removed from the solid.




• How does the kinetic molecular theory describe the behavior of a gas?

• How are temperature, pressure, and volume related in Boyle’s law?

• How is Boyle’s law different from Charles’s law?

The Behavior of Gases


Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab

• kinetic molecular theory

• pressure

• Boyle’s Law

• Charles’s Law

The Behavior of Gases


The kinetic molecular theory states that the particles in matter collide with other particles, other objects, and the walls of their container; and when particles collide, no energy is lost.

Understanding Gas Behavior


Understanding Gas Behavior (cont.)

How does kinetic molecular theory describe the behavior of a gas?


• Pressure is the amount of force applied per unit of area.

• The empty spaces between particles makes gases compressible.

What is pressure?

pressure

from Latin pressura, means “to press”


When the volume of a container holding gas is greater, the additional space results in fewer collisions and pressure is less.

Pressure and Volume


Boyle’s law states that pressure of a gas increases if the volume decreases and pressure of a gas decreases if the volume increases, when temperature is constant.

Boyle’s Law

What is the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas if temperature is constant?


The graph shows that at a constant temperature as pressure increases, volume decreases.


• Changing the temperature of a gas affects its behavior.

• As the temperature of a gas increases, kinetic energy increases, the particles move farther apart, and volume increases.

Temperature and Volume


Temperature and Volume (cont.)


313_links/gas_press_temp.avi

Charles’s law states that the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature, if the pressure is constant.

Charles’s Law

How is Boyle’s law different from Charles’s law?


The volume of a gas increases when the temperature increases at constant pressure.


Charles’s Law (cont.)

What factors must be constant in Boyle’s law and Charles’s law?


Lesson 3 - VS

• The explanation of particle behavior in solids, liquids, and gases is based on the kinetic molecular theory.


Lesson 3 - VS

• As pressure in a gas increases, the volume of the gas decreases when at constant temperature.


Lesson 3 - VS

• At constant pressure, as the temperature of a gas increases, the volume also increases.


Lesson 3 – LR1

A. Boyle’s law

B. Charles’s law

C. kinetic molecular theory

D. law of thermal energy

Which states that pressure of a gas increases if the volume decreases?


Lesson 3 – LR2

A. decreases

B. increases

C. remains unchanged

D. rises and falls

As the temperature of a gas increases, what happens to its kinetic energy?


Lesson 3 – LR3

A. no energy is lost

B. it increases

C. it decreases

D. all energy is lost

According to the kinetic molecular theory, when particles collide, what happens to energy?


Lesson 3 - Now

5. Changes in temperature and pressure affect gas behavior.

6. If the pressure on a gas increases, the volume of the gas also increases.



Key Concept Summary

Interactive Concept Map

Chapter Review

Standardized Test Practice

313_links/313_concept-map.swf


As matter changes from one state to another, the distances and the forces between the particles change, and the amount of thermal energy in the matter changes.


• Particles vibrate in solids. They move faster in liquids and even faster in gases.

• The force of attraction among particles decreases as matter goes from a solid, to a liquid, and finally to a gas.

Lesson 1: Solids, Liquids, and Gases


Lesson 2: Changes in State

• Because temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy of particles and kinetic energy depends on particle motion, temperature is directly related to particle motion.

• Thermal energy includes both the kinetic energy and the potential energy of particles in matter. However, temperature is only the average kinetic energy of particles in matter.

• Thermal energy must be added or removed from matter for a change of state to occur.


• The kinetic molecular theory states basic assumptions that are used to describe particles and their interactions in gases and other states of matter.

• Pressure of a gas increases if the volume decreases, and pressure of a gas decreases if the volume increases, when temperature is constant.

• Boyle’s law describes the behavior of a gas when pressure and volume change at constant temperature.

• Charles’s law describes the behavior of a gas when temperature and volume change, and pressure is constant.

Lesson 3: The Behavior of Gases


A. gas

B. liquid

C. solid

D. vapor

Which term describes a state of matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume?


A. gas

B. liquid

C. plasma

D. solid

Which type of matter has a definite volume and take the shape of its container?


A. condensation

B. evaporation

C. sublimation

D. vaporization

Which term describes vaporization that occurs only at the surface of a liquid?


A. 0°C

B. 10°C

C. 100°C

D. 1000°C

What is the melting point of water?


A. Boyle’s law

B. Charles’s law

C. the kinetic molecular theory

D. the particle theory of matter

Which states that the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature, if the pressure is constant?


A. gas

B. liquid

C. plasma

D. solid

Which type of matter has no definite volume and no definite shape?


A. viscosity

B. vapor

C. temperature

D. surface tension

Which term refers to a measurement of a liquid’s resistance to flow?


A. energy

B. pressure

C. temperature

D. volume

When matter changes state, matter and what else are always conserved?


A. chemical energy

B. kinetic energy

C. potential energy

D. thermal energy

Which term describes the energy an object has due to its motion?


A. temperature

B. pressure

C. potential energy

D. kinetic energy

Which term refers to the amount of force applied per unit of area?


chapter introduction lesson 1 solids, liquids, and...

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