49 

 

CHAPTER- II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 

2.1 Introduction

Review of related literature is conducted to enable the researcher to get a clear

understanding about the specific field of study. It also helps the researcher to have an

insight into the tested methods, procedures and interpretations of similar studies

conducted elsewhere. Considerable amount of literature is available regarding

application of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in libraries,

professional development and continuing education needs of library professionals.

But studies are relatively few regarding the impact of ICT on professional

development and educational needs of library professionals. A survey of the literature

found that most of the studies are reported from foreign countries and that such

studies are given due importance by the researchers in library and information

science. An attempt is made in this chapter to present a survey of the literature

available in India and abroad under the subheadings listed below. The studies are

further grouped under national, international and arranged in a chronological

sequence. The total 85 studies have been reviewed and it is categorized with the

following heading according to the nature of the research.

50 

 

1. General studies on ICT

2. Studies on Library Automation

3. Studies on Digital Library

4. Studies on E-resources

5. Studies on Internet

6. Studies on Networking

7. Studies on web 2.0

8. Studies on web OPAC

2.2. General Studies on ICT

  There are 32 studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are

focused in general on ICT in nature, the studies are described below one by one.

A survey undertaken between January and March 1998 by Barlow and

Graham, (1999) investigated the use of information and communication technologies

in a sample of 120 industrial and commercial libraries. Ninety-six per cent of the

organizations which responded to the questionnaire use computers for some aspect of

their library and information services. ICT was used for a range of office and other

applications including, in rank order, e-mail, word processing, spreadsheets,

presentation packages and database management systems. Ninety-one per cent of the

sample used various Internet facilities including e-mail, World Wide Web, file

51 

 

transfer protocol (ftp) and telnet. Describes the results of the survey, reporting on the

current state of the art of ICT use and future plans for automation in the sample.

In the Information and Communication Technologies scenario service

evaluation, standard stabilization and the concurrent development of hardware and

software are key elements to design innovative systems. Emulation, fast prototyping

and IP re-use can really help to obtain time-to market solutions. An industrial

MPEG/ATM remultiplexing equipment (REMUX) for digital TV applications in the

Switched Digital Video Broadcast area for either satellite or cable distribution,

Bollano, (1999). The paper reports the REMUX development cycle highlighting its

fast evolution from the prototype based on an embedded system to the System on

Chip realization 0.25 μm, ST Microelectronics CMOS technology, mainly focusing

on the effective design methodology based on the CSELT Intellectual Property

library (VIP) and system emulation.

The lack of a vision, policies, programs, subsidies or support from the

government or private firms to promote and facilitate the development of ICTs in

Peru, it constitutes a good practice example in terms of access to the new

technologies. This paper documents the diffusion and use of ICTs in the different

socio-economic sectors in Lima, with a special attention to the lower-income groups,

using successive quantitative surveys on ICT use in households, cabinas users, and

Internet users in Metropolitan Lima, and recent observations and interviews to people

working in the field. The results of this study show that the cabinas are effectively

improving the daily life of a great part of the residents of Lima, and especially the

52 

 

youth, offering different types of urban services, which have been absent in poor

neighborhoods libraries, post offices, recreation facilities, study places, youth centers,

training centers, etc., Fernández-Maldonado, (2002).

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have become central to

education and training in Library and Information Science/Service (LIS) because of

the great influence of these technologies on the professional world. This study on

Kenya is part of a larger doctoral research project that aims to map and audit the

types, nature and diffusion of ICTs in LIS education and training programmers in

Africa. The findings indicate that all LIS schools in Kenya have embraced the use of

ICTs, but there are major variations in terms of application. All but one LIS School

offers a wide range of relevant ICT courses, many of them as core modules.

However, not all of them offer, or are able to offer, practical hands-on experience for

their students. In teaching and learning, only a few LIS schools use ICTs to deliver

lectures, the majority still favouring age-old methods of face-to-face classroom

teaching. In research, the lack of ICT facilities has resulted in partial and minimal use

of ICTs, especially since academic staff have to pay (individually, from private funds)

to access the Internet. For the same reasons electronic publishing of research results

on the Internet is low, Minishi-Majanja, and Ocholla, (2003).

Some challenges that science and technology libraries have to face, caused by

the evolution from classical libraries towards more electronic and digital libraries

Nieuwenhuysen, (2004). This is a consequence of the fast evolution in information

and communication technology (ICT) that has lead to more applications of ICT, not

53 

 

only to manage classical libraries, but also to create, distribute and access information

resources in digital format through computer networks.

Information Technology (IT) has become an indications of a country’s wealth

level. Countries which fails to prepare for information technology and do not use it

properly, are likely to loose their global competitiveness. Muslim countries have paid

little attentions to leverage the benefits offered by the IT use in their library and

information centers. There is so much information that is generated and available in

the Muslims would that is hardly indexed abstracted, or competed in local databases,

Ramazan Mohammad(2004).

The current state of information communication technologies (ICT)

application for information provision in Nigerian university libraries and make

suggestions to enable them take fuller advantage of ICT facilities to provide

information more effectively to users, Okiy, (2005). Recent library and information

science literature on university libraries and ICT application in Nigeria is reviewed to

expose the state-of-the-art and hence the problems which beset the university libraries

in Nigeria as regards ICT application. Identified obstacles militating against effective

application of ICT in university libraries to include inadequate funding, inadequate

electricity supply, shortage of competent manpower for operation and maintenance of

ICT facilities, lukewarm attitude of the Nigerian government towards the provision of

ICT facilities and low level of computer literacy among Nigerians.

The ICT system at South East European University is a new private university

that has established a sophisticated system of ICT with a clear policy regarding ICT

54 

 

issues. The Computer Center is the main IT Training gathering place at SEEU. It

offers basic and advanced IT Skills courses, as well as help desk, certificate

programs, staff development. ICT is used also in other segments, such as library and

on-line scheduling with aim to improve the quality of different functions and services,

Kadriu, and Abazi, (2006).

The application of information and communication technologies in health

information access and dissemination in Uganda. The project focused not only on

information obtainable through libraries for research, teaching, learning and practice,

but also on ICT applications concerned with the administration and planning of health

services in Uganda. A thematic analysis highlighted the current state of ICT

applications, the extent of applications, the roles played and problems faced. Further

explores areas where it is used most, cost of accessing information, user profile, ICT

literacy, quality of services and telemedicine in the country, Omona and Ikoja-

Odongo (2006).

The training and knowledge are the sine qua non of a positive attitude toward

ICT. It is essential for libraries to keep up with ICT developments. The fears of some

in the developing world toward ICT is widening the digital divide. In African it is

time to bridge the digital gap. African libraries who are not yet automated should

begin thinking about it now. Training is the first step, which will reduce fears when

implementation of ICT begins, Adekunle, et al (2007).

The many SHMSS face similar barrier faced by educator in 1990s a lade of

resources, time, technical support infrastructure, and professional development,

55 

 

competence with technology continuous to be challenging because professional

development remains inadequate. Barrier that are prevent from using technology

effectively and to ware with education association, non-profit organization and parent

groups to advocate at state and national level to improve. Technology access and

increase internet access, Hughess- Hassell, Sundra and Baldauf, Dana Hanson (2007).

The accelerated adoption and use of ICT has resulted in the globalization of

Information and knowledge resources. ICT is charging the work of libraries and Inf.

Centers. An increased number of users, a greater demand for library materials, an

increased in the amount of material being published, new electronic formats and

sources, and the development of new & cheaper computers are some of the reasons

for the growing need for ICT in Bangladesh. The country’s libraries have not made

equal progress in this areas. The government, must help develop ICT based libraries

to meet the charging demands of the users, Islam, Shariful and Islam, Nazmul (2007).

The potential advantages of the internet appear to have precluded the foresight

of Kenyan university libraries to the challenges that may be associated with its

deployment. There is clear under-utilization and considerable disparities between and

within the libraries in their levels of general Information and Communication

Technology (ICT) deployment and use in Kenya. Most public university libraries still

use conventional methods of service provision, suggesting that most library

employees are not ready to embrace and integrate these information technologies in

their routine operations. If promising ICT applications cannot be widely deployed,

then the benefits resulting from such technologies are likely to be equally curtailed.

56 

 

Focuses only on fully fledged government, and private universities as they are among

the major stakeholders of the internet initiatives taking place in institutions of higher

learning in Kenya, Odero-Musakali, and Mutula, (2007). Higher education in Kenya

has expanded tremendously in the last decade and there is need for studies that

address various issues that relate to technology adoption and use that include legal

and regulatory frameworks, technology transfer, capacity building and management

of new technologies.

Choosing appropriate ICT hardware and software, continuous pressing for

more funds from parent institutions; seeking for alternative sources of funds, staff and

user training and raising awareness are the among key strategies that can lead to

effective utilization of ICT facilities and services in libraries, Emmanuel, Grace and

Sife, Alfred (2008).

Registered nurses form the largest group of professional healthcare providers

in any Nigerian teaching hospital. Despite their population size in clinical care, lesser

attention has been paid to their library and information needs in medical librarianship

literature, compared to extensive research works targeted at satisfying the information

needs of physicians and medical students. This study aimed to determine the reading

habits, extent of usage of the library and information resources by the clinical nurses,

and their compliance level for ICT application in accessing relevant and up-to-date

healthcare information in evidence-based practice. A major finding from the study is

that a large number of clinical nurses seldom use the library's printed or/and

electronic resources, Komolafe, and Onatola (2008).

57 

 

The importance of ICT in making healthy information society. Study reveals

that ICT can offer real opportunities to improve the quality of community life. A

healthy information society is concerned with getting reliable and timely information

to its members. Making people aware of the benefits derivable from the use of ICTs

will help to make the society a healthy one, Ogbomo, Monday Obaidjevwe and

Ogbomo, Esoswo Francisca (2008).

The university libraries of Nigeria do not have adequate ICT facilities. The

government should increase funding to Nigerian University in order to implement the

National ICT Policy. Academic staff of the Universities should be provided with PCS

and laptop, Womboh, Benki Womboh and Abba, Tukur (2008).

The growth of IT and ICT has had a profound influence on higher education.

Student can pursuer scientific educational and research goal using the Internet. LIS

has programs have reviewed their curricular in light of the needs of society and the

manual. LIS can preserve and improve its identity by applying IT and ICT and can

educate libraries who can prove their benefit to the society by being in step with

changes and advances in technology economy, society and culture, Rahman Ebrahim

(2009).

The New Partnership for Africa's Development schools were set up as centers

of excellence in Information and Communication Technology integration, so that

other schools could copy their model in e-learning. It was for this reason that they

were provided with computers, e-materials, internet appliances and trained personnel.

But to gauge their levels of success as e-learning centers there was need to compare

58 

 

them to other schools offering Information and Communication Technology

education in Kenya. It was for this reason that this study compared the application of

the e-learning in New Partnership for Africa's Development and non- New

Partnership for Africa's Development schools in Kenya. Specifically, the study

identified significant differences in levels of integration of Information and

Communication Technology in curriculum subjects; surveyed the differences in use

of e-materials in education research; examined availability of e-libraries; identified

significant differences in academic performance of New Partnership for Africa's

Development and non- New Partnership for Africa's Development schools attributed

to e-learning, Ayere et al., (2010). The study used a combination of an exploratory

approach using descriptive survey and ex-post-facto design. It was carried out in six

of the eight provinces in Kenya, where the New Partnership for Africa's Development

schools are located. It targeted 1600 form four students from 35 secondary schools

involved in Information Communication Technology education. The study found that,

there was a significant difference in the application of e-learning in New Partnership

for Africa's Development and non- New Partnership for Africa's Development

schools. Based on these findings, it was recommended that schools involved in

Information Communication Technology education should intensify teacher

facilitation and support teacher roles that are required in e-learning.

Information and communication technology can be utilized for resource

sharing among university libraries in Nigeria. It was based on the study and review of

recent library and information science literature on both print and electronic

resources. It discusses the meaning of information and communication technology,

59 

 

resource sharing practices, and how information and communication technology

facilitates resource sharing. It traces the history of resource sharing among Nigerian

libraries. The current state of information and communication technology application

and utilization in Nigeria and its university libraries is revealed, with emphasis on

university libraries that are located in different zones of the country, Igwe (2010). The

challenges facing Nigerian University Libraries with respect to information and

communication technology application and utilization for resource sharing, as well as

to areas of library operations to which information and communication technology

can be applied and utilized for resource sharing. It concludes by proffering solutions

for viable information and communication technologies-based cooperation among

university libraries in Nigeria.

The involvement of non-professionals in cataloguing practices in three

academic libraries in Nigeria and twenty five respondents comprising current

cataloguers and those who had worked as cataloguers were used for the study. A

descriptive survey method using a self-constructed questionnaire was used. Four

research questions were posed and analysed using frequency counts and percentages.

Results showed that the involvement of non-professionals in cataloguing is fast

becoming a reality, with one university library depending more on non-professionals

while the other two showed less dependence on them, Yusuf and Nkiko (2010).

Outsourcing, procurement of Information Communication Technology, employment

of Systems Engineers as part of library staff, attendance of workshops and

conferences among others were some of the strategies adopted to cope with these

changes; however, the application of Information Communication Technology was

60 

 

the most frequently used strategy. The study concluded that cataloguing practices in

the libraries sampled have witnessed changes as a result of the application of

Information Communication Technology in organizing library materials which has in

turn changed the role of cataloguers from merely providing bibliographic details of

materials to that of supervision and other administrative functions, and in order to

maintain relevance, librarians have been forced to build capacity in the area of

Information Communication Technology.

Most of the Indian University Libraries are accessible not only to the

academic and research communities but also to the general public. In this paper, an

attempt is made to describe the effects of ICT developments on Indian University

Libraries, how much they have been able to catch up with more developed institutions

and what the future agenda for connecting knowledge and communities will be. This

paper gives an idea about ICT developments in India, ICT applications in Indian

University Libraries, and the role of INFLIBNET and future programs, Vijayakumar

and Vijayakumar (2003). The status of information and communication technologies

usage in Indian libraries. ICT applications are limited to large/Metro cities of India,

Gulati, Anjali (2004).

India is the largest democracy in the world with a population of 1,027 million

people, of which 35 per cent are still illiterate. The paper describes the role that

information and communication technologies are playing for Indian society to

educate them formally or informally which is ultimately helping India to emerge as

an information society. The basic approach has been a literature review to find the

61 

 

historical situation and present the prevailing scenario as well as the change that are

taking place with the application of ICT to the advantage of the society in different

areas including daily life. The changes that are taking place with the application of

ICT to the advantage of the society in different areas including daily life. It briefly

describes the various initiatives taken in various states and union territories of India to

take advantages of ICT. The paper provides the clear picture of India and Indian

endeavors to adopt the new technologies to become an information society, Singh

(2005).

The various successful e-governance models, the digital library initiatives, the

improvement of IT infrastructure and many ICT projects for development are giving

hope for the digital unite opportunity for India, through the pace of their development

is quite slow. What is required to sustain these projects adequate financial supports,

support of the government industry and community participation. Encouraging

private participation on a mutually beneficial basis, collaboration amongst

researchers, social scientists, libraries, technologist etc. stable and corruption free

government, massive campaign on e-governance ICT through provide the fruits of

digital unite, at the same time they also pose a potential and additional threat to

development and digital opportunity, Bist, Rajendra Singh (2007).

The application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in

special libraries in Kerala, India. The following methods were used to collect data for

the study: Questionnaire survey of librarians and library users, semi-structured

interviews with librarians, and observational visits in the libraries. This study was

62 

 

confined only to the automated special libraries in Kerala. The analyses revealed that

though the libraries had hardware, software, and communication facilities to some

extent, ICT-based resources and services were not reaching the users to the expected

extent. Library automation in special libraries in Kerala was largely commenced

during the period 1990-2000. CDS/ISIS was used more in the libraries than any other

software. The library catalogue found to be the most popular area for automation. The

ICT-based resource used by the largest percentage of the users was the e-mail. Most

of the libraries were hampered by lack of funds, lack of infrastructure, and lack of

skilled professionals to embark on automation of all library management activities

and application of ICT. A good number of the library users were not satisfied with the

application of ICT in their libraries and indicated "inadequate ICT infrastructure" as

their major reason for dissatisfaction Haneefa (2007).

To establish the level of ICT knowledge and skills among the librarians. It

was find out that librarians generally do not have knowledge to explore and take

advantage of opportunities technologies creator nor did they have the skill or ability

to perform the applications functions and operations described above effectively. Te

problems faced by the librarians in the use of ICT were as a result of lack of

understanding, knowledge, skill and above all a lack of training. ICT must be viewed

as a means not an end to promote a quality, efficient and effective services to library

partnors. Staff has the necessary ICT knowledge and skill to work effectively in an

63 

 

environment that is demanding and rapidly changing, Nath, Amar, Bahl, Gautam and

Kaur, Praveen (2007).

A variety of ICT products and services for research work as it is helpful in

finding information quickly and also helps the research to access, manage, integrate

evaluate, create and communication into more easily. The study identified that

researcher are not getting proper training/guidance and assistance from the

staffs/libraries, which is very necessary for the effective use of ICT products and

services. The lib should arrange and organize training programmes related to ICT.

Library should provide initial orientation workshops and training for the researchers

on ICT based services so that they can utilize these technologies to optimum level,

Ahmad, Naved and Fatima, Nishat (2009).

Maharana, Bulu, et al. (2009) found that ICT can be useful took to address

problems in medical education, but the lack of Technology and resources is still a

serious limitation. The in adequacy of qualified technical staff has stood in the way of

users satisfaction. Most users are deprived of access to the vast medical literature

available in electronic format. Absence of co-operation among the medical libraries in

Orissa or at the national level, including the lack of even interlibrary loan.

The use of information communication technology (ICT) in 31 college

libraries in Karnataka, India by investigating the ICT infrastructure, current status of

library automation, barriers to implementation of library automation and also

librarians' attitudes towards the use of ICT. Data-gathering tools used included

questionnaire, observation and informal interview with selected college librarians.

64 

 

Application of ICT in Indian college libraries has not reached a very high level. Lack

of budget, lack of manpower, lack of skilled staff and lack of training are the main

constraints for not automating library activities. Even though library professionals

have shown a positive attitude towards the use of ICT applications and library

automation, they need extensive and appropriate training to make use of ICT tools,

Sampath Kumar and Biradar (2010).

The evaluating and analyzing of use of ICT among the faculty members of

health care institutions of Pondicherry. The data analyzed the use of ICT tools and

electronic health services by the respondents. It is analysed that ICT tools like multi-

media projectors, Internet communication equipment, VCD were very low level

usage where as CD-Rom, Overhead Projector, LCD, Laptop and digital Camera are

most preferred ICT tools by the respondents. Towards the performance of library

services rendered by the institutions were poor for information retrieval, Kavitha,

Esmail Mohamed and Nagarajan (2011).

Sinha, Manoj Kumar (2011) undertaken the study with the view to know the

extent of ICT amongst the participants of refreshers course on humanities conducted

by Assam University Silchar and other teachers. The participants are mainly drawn

from the colleges and universities of North Eastern Region of India where the

penetration of ICT is very slow and teachers are not very much comfortable using

computers. University teachers have keen interest and also having positive attitude

towards learning ICT and applying it for classroom teaching learning process. ICT is

65 

 

boon for us if it is used properly for the benefit of the people in particular and for the

society in general.

2.3 Studies on Library Automation

There are 10 studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are

focused in general and in library automation in nature, the studies are described below

one by one.

Automatism at Adeyemi College of Education Library and print out the

problems which are faced during the automatism and proposed the solutions to it,

Akinfolarin (1998). Automatism project is likely to be successful if at least our staff

member has an educational qualification in computer science, management of the

college must take an interest in the automatism process and adequate financial and

material support must be given.

The cost and types of the library automatism systems in use in public libraries

in Finland. The result show that almost all of the public libraries have some land of

library automatism system and that 80% of than are already offering services via the

internet. The cost of establishing public library automatism have been approximately

16-8 million Euros with annual operating cost of about 5-7 million Euros. The labour

costs used in building and maintaining library automatism systems had been poorly

monitored in the libraries, Saarti, Jarmo (2003).

66 

 

Amekuedec, John-Dswald (2005) undertaken the study to find out which

library processes have been automated in Ghanas’s three older public university

libraries namely the Bame Library, the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science &

Technology Library and University of Cape Coast. The Level of networking within

and amount among university libraries is very too because most of the library

processes are not automated and all none of the libraries evaluated has a D/AC, More

computer should be purchased for the libraries because there can be no library

automation without investment in computers.

Sri Lankan’s were slow to explore the automation world as the custom

software development entails substantial investment and the off the shelf software

packages are either too costly or do not meet all the requirements. However, the

several library automation projects have been embarked in recent years, as the

librarians could not ignore the power of the library automation in order to meet up

with the rest of the world in the trend of information management and dissemination,

Wijayaratne, Anusha, (2005). The success of the automation project of the library of

the Open University of Sri Lanka with special focus on the automating the circulation

of library materials using Alice for Windows - the integrated library management

software package.

Efe, Sunday Ighovie, and Adogbeji, Benson Oghenvwogage (2006) conducted

the study to examine the level of automation in Nigerian Meteorological stations.

Only 2 out of 15 stations have IC Technology devices for the storage of date and the

67 

 

dissemination of information. The major reasons why some are not automated are

back of funds, faulty equipment and obsolete computers.

The TKMCE Library Automation System aims at providing a comprehensive

computerized solution to the needs of the library routines such as data entry,

circulation control, catalogue access, etc. The system provides an overall view of the

above said functions and the package is userfriendly and menu driven. Special efforts

have been made during the design and development stage to ensure data integrity and

security. This package facilitates fast retrieval of information and error free statistics.

This project was done at the TKM College of Engineering, Kollam, Kerala, using

Visual Basic 6.0 as front end and MS Access 7.0 as back end under Windows 98

environment. In fact, large amount of data can be processed by the computerised

systems very quickly and in an efficient manner. The present system TKMCE Library

Automation System has all the advantages of the computerised information system. A

low cost in-house library automation system has been developed, Abdul Azeez

(2004).

The software packages namely Alice for window Libsys and Virtua. There

study reveals that each package has got its own capabilities and limitation. Alice has a

unique feature of tracing a documents at a particular location I the library (facility).

Virtua supports Unicode standards. Libsys has got its uniqueness to run any platform,

it provides option to import data in marc and non-marc formats from established

bibliographic databases, Husain, Shabahat and Ansari, Mehtab Alam (2007).

68 

 

The status of automation in the colleges of Goa is similar to that of college

libraries throughout India. Libraries, librarians, and college administrations must

initiate automation in order to provide effective and efficient services to users.

Library professionals must upgrade their skills in order to meet the growing

expectations of users from libraries. Traditional barriers like insufficient funds, lack

of space, and lack of training are the problems faced by many libraries, Bansode,

Sadanand and Periera, Shamin (2008).

The development of a personalized information support system to help faculty

members to search various portals and e-resources without typing the search terms in

different interfaces and to obtain results re-ordered without human intervention. A

survey of various tools and techniques available for computerized client-centered

information services, the study selected to apply web usage mining, proxy level data

collection and a vector space retrieval model to develop the personalized information

support for teaching and research in a higher education institution. There are practical

constraints in the implementation stage. There is considerable difficulty in getting real

and correct user interests and mapping them effectively into the products and services

offered by the library. Also the interests of users change continuously. If multiple

users share the same PC, it is difficult to identify the user as there is no one-to-one

mapping between user and IP address. Research limitations/implications: The paper

has not considered cases for all the faculty members due to time constraints. The

results obtained from the system also need correlation with the sources actually used

by the faculty to test its efficacy in a highly fluid research situation like higher

academics. Practical implications: A pragmatic client-centred information support

69 

 

prototype described in this paper may find use in other institutions needing similar

information support, Sirisha, et al., (2009).

Automation of library operations and services is essential for efficient

functioning of the library and saving the library users' time. Hence a study has been

conducted to investigate the Automation in university libraries in Tamilnadu, India. It

discusses automation, its need, and application in university libraries. The study

explains the various problems faced by authorities and the staff during the process of

automation. The tool adopted to conduct the study is a well structured questionnaire,

Jayaprakash, and Balasubramani, (2011).

2.4 Studies on Digital Libraries

  There are 8 studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are

focused in general on Digital library in nature, the studies are described below one by

one.

The British Library Research and Innovation Centre research study What

makes a digital librarian?, completed in February 1998 by research partners

University of Sunderland Information Services, Gateshead MBC Libraries and Arts

and Education for Change Ltd., looked at critical success factors and barriers which

underpin or inhibit the development of the networked digital library. The study

focused on staff skills, knowledge and attributes, management culture and attitudes,

through a series of qualitative research exercises in public and academic libraries,

Carpenter (1999).

70 

 

The major issues surrounding the development of digital libraries in the

developing countries of the English-speaking Caribbean known also as the Caricom

region. The impetus for digital libraries comes from the desire of these countries to

become integrated in the new, global information economy. As part of this global

information trend, digital libraries technology holds the key to improved information

access. Digital libraries, which have become affordable and manageable provide

increased access to global information and at the same time, increase the visibility of

indigenous Caribbean information resources, Francis (2008).

The rapid changes in ICT have made the world face the new meaning of

illiteracy and examine education requirement. Digital education revote or distance

education delivered online, is a way of solving this problem. The benefits of digital

educations are no requirement for physical presentation of students or teachers easy

communication with several options better options for supervision and an tools.

Reduce costs in companion with traditional methods and ado reduces the costs of

institutes and buildings methods of digital education are through video conferencing

satellite systems, web based methods. Digital education creates changing patterns for

students teachers librarian and others. The new pattern will increase the role of

curators in this process, Amiree, Faezeh Sadat Tabatabaee and Khabbazan,

Bentolhodah (2009).

aAQUA is an online multilingual, multimedia Agricultural portal for

disseminating information from and to the grassroots of the Indian agricultural

community. aAQUA simultaneously addresses two major challenges in farmer

71 

 

outreach programs - geographic reach and customized delivery. It answers farmers

queries based on the location, season, crop and other information provided by

farmers. aAQUA makes use of novel database systems and information retrieval

techniques like intelligent caching, offline access with intermittent synchronization,

semantic-based search, etc. Agricultural content repositories (Digital Library), Agri-

price information (Bhav Puchiye), farmer schemes and various operations support

databases (aAQUA-QoS) have also emerged from the experience of aAQUA

deployments. aAQUA's large scale deployment provides avenues for researchers to

contribute in the areas of knowledge management, cross- lingual information

retrieval, and providing accessible content for rural populations. Apart from

Agriculture, aAQUA can be configured and customized for Expert advice over

mobile networks and the internet in Education, Healthcare and other domains of

interest to a developing population, Ramamritham et al., (2006).

Libraries are adopting the ICT to make their services better. Information now

is available in digitized form. The digital environment is charging the shape of the

libraries and their activities such as acquisition cataloging classification, issue/return

and reference services. The travel is that print collection will decrease and digital

collection will take its place such as subscription of online journals and CDROM

databases RFID technology will not only help the self issuing but also checking the

theft of reading material. Future library may or may not have print collection, but it is

hard fact that the print media will hold the vein of library of the society, Singh,

Balwan, Kapila, and Pateria, Rajive (2007).

72 

 

Libraries must take up the challenges to convert traditional library into

automated library. It a digital library users are always demanding back issues of

journals and were historical archives for which the library has not copy right. This

may lead to services dissatisfaction about digitization among users. As a final

solution to this matter, librarian must be given permission to digitize copyright work

in connection with digitization, Trivedi, Mayank , Sindiyajani and Sheikh, Rizwan

(2007).

An academic libraries is changing and a face lift is provided in the light of digital

technologies. It not only facilitates the library functions but also saves the precious

time, strength and energy of users. Academic institutions are currently undergoing the

process by which one medium is reformed and improved upon by another. The travel

is towards digitizing traditional resources to e-resources worldwide academic libraries

are implementing digital technologies to provide their users with electronic access to

a veracity of information resources. Today digital libraries are expensive, initially

more expensive. Digital libraries are made form components that are decline rapidly

in price. As the cost of the technology continues to fall, Digital Academic Libraries

will become steadily less expensive an all pervading, Vasishta, Seema (2007).

Some major initiatives of digital library undertaken in India. With the advent

of digital technology and internet connectivity, the library scenario is changing very

rapidly to meet their users need in fast growth digital world. It has led to new means

and mechanism for the management, classification, distribution, identification,

retrieval, and storage of information in ways heretofore unimaginable. In India, so

73 

 

many digital library initiatives were undertaken initially with a view to preserve the

art, culture and heritage of our country by government and academic institutions.

Some special libraries are also engaged in digital library initiatives in a limited way,

Mal, Bidyut and Bajpai (2011).

2.5 Studies on E-Resources

There are 15 studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are

focused in general on E-Resources in nature, the studies are described below one by

one.

To provide a "picture" of Malaysian LIS research and publications. The study

aimed to show (a) the total number and spread of publications produced by Malaysian

authors; (b) the active authors; (c) the authorship pattern; (d) the affiliation status of

the authors; (e) the main channels used to publish; and (f) the subject covered by the

published works. The study confined its scope to the publications produced between

1965 and 2005 by Malaysian authors published in Malaysia as well as abroad.

Bibliometric techniques and regression analysis were employed as the measuring

instrument. The data was collected from seven online databases and seven well

established library OPACs, which are expected to hold earlier and current LIS

publications. A bibliometric toolbox was used to feed in text files which provided

brief summaries of ranked results, a bibliography and minimal Bradford zonal

analysis. The subject categorization used by Gorman and Corbit's Model of core

competencies for LIS was used to categorized entries by subjects. The results

indicated that (a) Malaysian LIS authors preferred to publish in journals (511, 48.9%)

74 

 

and conference papers (474, 45.4%); (b) the publication distribution fluctuated over

the 41 year period but the moving average depicted a steady incremental trend, (c) a

total of 506 authors contributed to 1,045 publications and 309 are one-time authors'

(d) the active authors in LIS are affiliated to 131 institutions and the productive

institutions were the national Library of Malaysia, University of Malaya library and

the academics at the MLIS Programme, University of Malaya.; (e) publication

productivity was related to institutional active involvement in LIS journal publishing;

and (f) the main subject areas actively researched upon were collection development

and management, information centres and services, and ICT applications LIS, Yazit,

N., Zainab (2007).

The effects of information literacy skills on the use of E-library resources. A

e-library generally contains books, journals, OPACS, webliographics, letters, maps

ect. E-library requires very little physical space in comansion to traditional libraries.

Most students are aware of the e-library resources but do not use them because they

back skills. The little that is being taught involves mainly the librarian without the

partnership of the faculty members and the librarians. The students have acquired a

certain level of information literacy, including technology skills as well as the

investigations and critical thinking, Issa, Abdul Wahab Olanrewaju, Blessing, Amusa

and Daura, Umma Dauda (2009).

Libraries in Nigerian Universities should regularly evaluates the quality,

adequacy and use by their library’s information resources and services in other to

meet up with the quality of library services stipulated by IFLA which was the aim of

75 

 

this study. Most Nigerians undergraduate are of view that libraries as places to

borrow books and reed lecture notes but they were unaware of the rich contents they

can access through libraries when these resources are available. The use of e-

resources is gaining wide recognition among Nigerians undergraduates. To improve

the effectiveness of these resources could be alone by providing enough finding for

the universities libraries, Oyewusi, Fadekemi Omabola and Oyeboade, Samuel

Adeolu (2009).

The New Partnership for Africa's Development schools were set up as centers

of excellence in Information and Communication Technology integration, so that

other schools could copy their model in e-learning. It was for this reason that they

were provided with computers, e-materials, internet appliances and trained personnel.

But to gauge their levels of success as e-learning centers there was need to compare

them to other schools offering Information and Communication Technology

education in Kenya. It was for this reason that this study compared the application of

the e-learning in New Partnership for Africa's Development and non- New

Partnership for Africa's Development schools in Kenya. Specifically, the study

identified significant differences in levels of integration of Information and

Communication Technology in curriculum subjects; surveyed the differences in use

of e-materials in education research; examined availability of e-libraries; identified

significant differences in academic performance of New Partnership for Africa's

Development and non- New Partnership for Africa's Development schools attributed

to e-learning.

76 

 

The study used a combination of an exploratory approach using descriptive

survey and ex-post-facto design. It was carried out in six of the eight provinces in

Kenya, where the New Partnership for Africa's Development schools are located. It

targeted 1600 form four students from 35 secondary schools involved in Information

Communication Technology education. Saturated sampling was used for the six

schools while six non- New Partnership for Africa's Development schools were

selected through simple random sampling. The sample consisted of three officials

from the ministry of education, twelve principals and twelve heads of Information

Communication Technology department HODs, and 570 of the form four students.

The main data collection instrument was the questionnaire; administered to the

students, the principals, and the HODs. The study found that, there was a significant

difference in the application of e-learning in New Partnership for Africa's

Development and non- New Partnership for Africa's Development schools. Ayere,

M.A., Odera, F.Y., Agak, J.O. (2010) The issues and challenges facing

academic libraries in accessing electronic journals and internet resources in Nigeria,

Idowu, Adetoun Omolola and Oduwole, Adebambo Adewale (2011).

The users perspective we have looked at the wealth of information available

electronically, the technical problems are encounters, and also the potential and the

promising future. It has made significant strides in the very way of acquiring, storing,

retrieving and disseminating information. The real changes with the computer will

come when we are able to do things significantly different. The FedEx parcel tracking

system on the web is just one example, which might not be possible to materialize

through convention activities. Having known the potential of electronic information it

77 

 

is our duty to make this accessible to the unreached and there comes the role of the

information professional, Sreekumar (2001).

A study reveals that research is the key factor for the development of

knowledge in all the disciplines. Universities are the centers of research. Libraries

play important role in providing information E-resources are claiming its importance

in the research activities. The use of e-resources can be improved by providing proper

training progrrames to the researchers, Gowda, Vasappa and Shivalingaiah (2007).

E- Journals are easily searchable interactive accessible, inexpensive Flexible

and speedy. There are same demerits also need machine to read, less weight age,

perishable citation ignorance by search engine. Despite the series of disadvantages or

dements posed by the world of e-journals, they are must for modern teaching being

world. These problems may over come in due course of time with more technological

development and economic enhancement of the Indian uses and providers. This e-

journals should be popularized in the academic culture of India, Malik, Satish Kumar

(2007).

E-books have become the vital part of human life in 21st Century. The

technology advances today make it possible to think in terms of storing all the

knowledge of the human race in digital forms E-book culture will grow very fast in

academic libraries in India, Tholkappian and Chandran (2007).

User centers information for the worlds largest repository the web efficiently

and effectively is becoming increasingly imperative. Machine learning techniques

can be applied to web mining. Major limitations of web mining research are lack of

78 

 

suitable collections that can be reused by researchers and difficult to collect web

usage data across different websites. Most web mining applications have been

accessed, Bhatia, MPS Bhatia and Khalid, Akshi Kumar (2008).

E-resource are access by the faculty research scholars and students the user’s

expectations from the libraries have increased manifold in the internet environment,

Parthiban et al. (2008).

Users visit the library to borrow books, study and do research, locate

information from books and journals and do light reading and purpose depends on

time available and the need to keep up to date. Most users gave priority to catalogues

bibliographies, indexes and abstract and book reviews for being aware of the current

literature. Faculty and researchers are not familiar with appropriate sources, and they

need skill maintenance activities to update their knowledge of reference books and

other sources, Kumar, Devendra (2009).

Few fisheries institutes have good information centre and resources. Self

sufficiency remains only imaginative, because of insufficient funds and information

explosion. The study aims to develop a library consortium for the fisheries institute in

Kerela. At present there is no such consortium, and an initiation for it would mutually

benefit for the participating institutions. It will add values to the existing information

infrastructure of the technical education in Kerela, Jacob, Ancy and Sornam, Ally

(2011).

Creating databases involves considerable cost and is undertaken for

generating revenue, but on other hand it has proved extremely useful to research and

79 

 

educational purposes. Increasing production of digital born databases raises legal

issues relating to copyright and intellectual property in cyberspace environment as

there is no globally accepted international copyright law that would take precedence

over local laws. The article provides an overview about the legal protection of

databases at national and international level. It concludes that librarians should tell

their concern about its costing as well as go for national law network for academic

law universities, Vyas, and Rai, Priya (2011).

Usage and applications of e-journals in CCS university Meerut. They are of

the view that e-journals pave a smooth way to research community but present the

management hardships for the librarians. This concentrates on various aspects such as

financial constraints as well as technological achievements, Neeraj and Sukula, Shiva

Kanaujia (2011).

2.6 Studies on Internet

There are 12 studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are

focused in general on Internet automation in nature, the studies are described below

one by one.

Many of the activities people perform with the Internet are new, and possible

could not have been conceived before the network became available. The internet

provides opportunities for communication among its users, it poses challenges to the

computing and information systems professionals who support them. It also presents

librarians with the opportunity to apply their established skills as educators,

80 

 

information managers, custodians, information providers and change agents in their

work with internet users, Klobar, Jane (1996).

Internet provides a wealth of information. The students are using the internet

significantly and it occupies an important place among various information sources. It

is widely used by the students for their research purposes and it plays an active role in

searching of information students still depend on print media electronic media has not

replaced print media. The students need to get skills for search on the internet. The

information searching practice need a methodical training to gain the quality in

information searching of course, “three dements are essential to users in the

evaluation of online information retrieval systems interface design, system

performance and collection coverage “ (xie, 2004), The observation of these elements

and training the users will enable users to get useful and relevant information library

professional, on the campus may take initiate-ness to improve the information

searching on the internet process among the internet users or digital resources users,

Asemi, Asefeh (2005).

Carmel High School teachers are satisfied with resources of the SLMC and

they believe there resources support their curriculum. The majority brings their

students to the SLMC one to three times a year, most often for information searching,

computer access and research papers. Most CHS teachers say they are aware of the

SLMC resources and they have some influence over has students use them. CHS

teachers encourage student use of the Internet in the SLMC. The internet than they do

about electronic databases. They consider the internet to be faster, more current

81 

 

carrier to use and greater in scope of information than electronic databases however.

They consider information from electronic database to be more reliable and focused.

Age makes some difference in how CHS teachers direct their students to use

electronic resources. The databases are more reliable teachers find internet search

engines such find internet search engines easy to use, Teresa Williams, et al. (2004).

The current state of internet access and its usage in Rajshahi University, the

second largest public University in Bangladesh although the university community is

deriving some benefits from internet access, the study revealed that nearly half of the

responsible authorities of the various sectors are not satisfied with the existing

facilities owing to several constraints. On the basis of the prevailing situation, this

articles suggests future directions for better internet access in the common interest of

the university community, Roknuzzam (2006).

The level of access to the internet in various organizations in Botswana. It

investigates the problems brought about by the misuse of internet facilities in the

workplace and the measures or policies put in place to monitor internet use. It also

report the use, restrictions and monitoring of internet facilities by organizations to

their employees. Majority of the organizations monitor employee internet use.

Majority restricted or blocked few sites. The study recommends that organizations

should produce and implement written policies on internet use and inform employees

about such policies, Olatokun, Wole and Moremedi, Betty (2011).

Internet facility has ended the teachers and students to enhance their academic

excellence by providing them the latest information and access to worldwide

82 

 

information. The present study has highlighted the existing situation of the Internet

services provided by the engineering colleges of Punjab. The situation is not,

however, very satisfactory from the library point of view only some engineering

college libraries have internet facility and even this is not extended to the users. So, it

should be extended to all the engineering college libraries. The library services

supplemented by the internet services can prove a great boon to the users in getting

the right information at the right time. The present study has concentrated on the most

frequent users of internet in the engineering colleges i.e. the teachers and the students.

The scope of the study was limited to the engineering colleges of Punjab (including

Chandigarh). There is a vast scope for future research in different types of users

behavior and comparison of users behavior and attitude towards the internet, Kumar,

Rajeev and Kaur, Amritpal (2005).

World is becoming increasingly dependent upon technology as is evidenced

by the big role it is playing. The internet has become a major shareholder. All

developing nations can derive tremendous advantages from this technology for

updating the knowledge of its researchers and scientists. The Indian software and

services industry has significantly helped to boost the Indian economy. Society

expects to be able to store information more than was previously conceived. Society

expects to be able to manipulate the information it has for its own benefits to increase

understanding and discover new relationship. Society experts to be able to distribute

inf. Quickly, efficiently and cheaply Gupta, Vibha and Ansari, Mehtab Alam (2007).

83 

 

The 91% of the social scientists find internet as an important tool of research.

Internet as a medium offers rich possibilities to enhance serious research and teaching

by diverse sociologists. Internet has indeed become a communication medium for

enhancing teaching, research and professional development for social scientist in the

open distances heaving environment, Kaanungo, Neena Talwar(2007).

The use internet for researcher purpose and also show that research scholars

are aware of internet services. Internet is a boon for researchers as it has brought

information scattered all over the world within the easy reach of the researchers,

Khare, Shashi Kant, Thapa, Neelam and Sahoo (2007).

Internet is a vast ocean of information pertaining to almost all subjects

majority of users use internet as one of their source of information card are satisfied

with the information available on internet. One of the major factors that have limited

the expansion of internet in the country is the poor infrastructure. The use of internet

by the users in post graduates of Mysore University campus the internet is useful to

them to satisfy their daily information requirement, Mulla, and Chandrashakara

(2007).

The respondent use the internet and 50% use at workplace and other at home

or cyber café. Use of internet is for research purpose. 50% of user are in favour that

internet influence the traditional documents and dependency on internet has

increased, Khan, Mohammad Haroon and Waris, Rao Ashher Kamal (2008).

The majority of the Management faculty members in the North Maharashtra

University, Jalgaon access various electronic information resources related to

84 

 

research and most frequently accessed digital information resources by the faculty are

internet resources. Users are aware of the major internet tool and resources but do not

fully use the internet tools and resources related to their research. Lack of

orientation/training in the use of internet affect the proper use of internet, Mendhe,

Ravindra, Agarwal, Preeti and Takusaude, Pratibha (2008).

2.7 Studies on Networking

There are 3 studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are

focused in general on Networking in nature, the studies are described below one by

one.

Information Communication Technology systems supporting the process of

consultation in medicine are of significant importance in today's healthcare and are

being deployed as region- or country-wide teleconsultation networks. The

implementation of such a medical teleconsultation network for the benefit of hospitals

in Wielkopolska, Poland. In huge improvement of the regional healthcare thanks to

the deployment of a medical teleconsultation system, that are concerned whether this

is enough, especially in the context of a very high expected number of transactions

and limited amount of medical competence in certain areas, Kosiedowski et al.,

(2009). Therefore introduced the concept of providing a number of services built

within the Medical Digital Library as an improvement of the medical teleconsultation

system in the Wielkopolska regional health network. The advantages of implementing

a Medical Digital Library in the Wielkopolska health network, basing on our practical

experience in digital library deployments.

85 

 

The changes that libraries and information centres need to indergo for

networking and lists the existing communication networks (INDONET, ERNET

NICHET, GPSS, RABMN, INET and libraries and information networks

(INFLIBNET, DELNET, BTIS SIRNET, MALBNET etc) in India. It mentions the

paradigm changes that LICS undergo challenge to their networking, and also

highlights the role of IT in transforming traditional LIC into a digital Mode, Rao,

Siriginied Subha (2001).

Since 1990s, cooperation, automation and resources sharing by means of

networking have been the dominant themes. In India, library resource sharing

sometimes has encouraged competition rather than cooperation, in view of the

benefits that relatively large libraries have accrued by owning a monopoly of the

research materials that such consortia would need to have in common. Despite

meager budgets and depleted collections university and government libraries in India

tend to keep separate subscriptions to relatively expensive periodicals titles with the

advent of new pricing models by publishers such as licensing and access fees for

electronic information sources, the relatively favorable terms of consortia agreements

should make the economics of cooperation more viable, practical and visible, Ghosh,

Maitrayee Biswas, and Jeevan, (2006).

2.8 Studies on Web 2.0

There are two studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are

focused in general on web 2.0 in nature, the studies are described below one by one.

86 

 

The experiences of the Institute of Information Studies of Tallinn University

in introducing ICT, including Web 2.0 technologies, in library and information

science education, and to explore the role that these can play in new models of

learning and teaching. Web 2.0 is influencing the way in which people learn, access

information and communicate with one another. The Institute of Information Studies

of Tallinn University has a long history in using ICT in its teaching and learning.

Experiences with open and distance learning and e-learning have transformed

teaching and learning, provided new alternative delivery modes, and helped to reach

new target groups. Recently the staffs have been experimenting with Web 2.0

technologies and a few have successfully adopted them in teaching and learning. The

paper suggests that in order to be successful in our modern society LIS educators

should take advantage of new ICT and consider the learning preferences of digital

natives as well as digital immigrants. Virkus (2008).

The technological march from Web 1.0 to 3.0 for managing the web

information, and concept of web 1.0 to 3.0 and shift from web 1.0 to 3.0. A

comparative study has been drawn on these three concept on certain parameters such

a technology, advancement, networking, users etc, Singh, Bebi and Gulati, Dipti

(2011).

2.9 Studies on Web OPAC

There are two studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are

focused in general on web Opac in nature, the studies are described below one by

one.

87 

 

The retrieval features for online databases; difficulties faced by users; and

retrieval features expected by users. A total of 25 databases were surveyed and 40

users were interviewed after the training sessions. Common retrieval features

included Boolean operators, phrase searching, match of exact words or phrases, field

specific and limit fields searches, truncation, and wildcard. Even though features are

offered in many systems, their interpretation and implementation are different.

Unique features included lateral searching, density and frequency of terms, reference

link, and searching via table of content. The expected features included relevance

feedback and term weighting other than those already offered by ACM Digital

Library and IEEE Xplore. Such expectations were influenced by the users'

background in ICT. Difficulties included application of the retrieval features in

searching. Database providers must include the expected features, synonyms linked to

terms in the thesaurus, and extensive search examples, Othman and Halim, (2004).

The import of web OPAC of KIT library. Information Technologies are most

relevant for application in modern library and information system can be grouped into

3 major areas 1 computer technology 2 communication technology 3. reprographics,

Micrographics and printing technology. The advantages of web OPAC are access to

E-resources are through a common user interface like web hypertext browser.

Expanded access Byard locally held resources via the OPAC as gateway lineless from

resources to resume, multielectonic field and formats. Webopace. Search option are

book search, Journal search, Back volume search, project search, CD-Ram search,

User current account search, user account OPAC is designed as an information

retrieval system but as a module of an integrated library management system.

88 

 

Catalogues of an increasing numbers of libraries are now available for searching

online. These are known as online public access catalogues (OPACs) searching a

library catalogue at a distance make a notable development in the use of library

catalogues, Dominic and Nirmala (2004).

The above comprehensive literature review has revealed the status of ICT

applications implementations in libraries, the strength and weakness of the

methodology used, and the interest, support, and negligence by researchers, agencies,

and organisations towards different research areas and priorities in ICT. To

accomplish their objectives, the authors from different countries have used studies on

Library Automation, Digital Library, E-resources, Internet, Web 2.0, web- OPAC .

In conclusion, this literature update helps to understand the facets of

methodology and suitable quantifying techniques in the study of our proposed area of

research.

2.10 Inferences on the Review

From the foregoing review of literature, the following inferences could be drawn:

1) The early research on ICT studies was done by individual authors and also

with joint authors, of late the research tends to be on ICT applications.

2) Most of the studies are conducted in foreign countries and few studies have

been done in India.

89 

 

3) There is a shift from analyzing the research output from macro level to micro

level on ICT applications.

4) All ICT applications like Digital Library, library automation, E-resources,

internet etc has been covered.

5) It was found that, no study has been done on ICT application in libraries in

Uttar Pradesh.

Therefore the investigator has chosen this research topic and has done the research

work.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

90 

 

References

   

              Abdul Azeez T A (2004), “TKM College Of Engineering Library Automation

System”, Annals of Library and Information Studies, 51(2), pp. 52-57.

Adekunle, Paul Adesola, Omoba, Rosnold Ogle and Tella, Adeyinka (2007)

"Attitudes of Librarians in selected Nigerian University towards the use of

ICT", Library Philosophy and Practice.

Ahmad, Naveed and Fatima, Nishat (2009) "Usage of ICT products and Services

for Research in Social Sciences at Aligarh Muslim University", DESIDOC

Journal of Library and Information Technology, 29(2), pp.25-30.

Akinfoliarian, W. A. (1998), "Automation in the Adeymi College of Education

Library, Ondo", Library Management, 19(1), pp 26-28.

Amekuedee, John-Oswald (2005), An evaluation of library automated in some

Ghanaian University Libraries", The Electronic Library, 23(4), pp.442-452.

Amiree, Faezeh Sadat Tabatabaee and Khabbazan , Bentolhodah (2009) "Third

wave changes: the role of information and communication technology (ICT)in

the definition of librarianship", Library Philosophy and Practice.

www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/amree-khabbazan.html

91 

 

Asemi, Asefeh (2005) "Information searching habits of Internet users: a case study

on the medical Sciences University of Isfahan, Iran", Webology, 2 (1).

www.webology.ir/2005/v2n1

Ayere, M.A., Odera, F.Y., Agak, J.O. (2010) “E-learning in secondary schools in

Kenya: A case of the NEPAD E-schools”, Academic Journals, Educational

Research and Reviews, 5 (5), pp. 218-223.

Barlow, Lisa J. and Graham, Margaret E.(1999), "The use of information and

information communication technologies in commercial libraries in the U K",

Program, 33(2), pp. 109-128.

Bhatia , MPS And Khalid , Akshi Kumar (2008), "Information retrieval and

machine learning :supporting technologies for web mining research and

practice", Webology, 5 (2).

Bollano, G., et al., (1999) “Intellectual Property re-use and System Emulation the

keys to succeed the SoC challenge: a digital TV application”, Proceedings of

the Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, pp. 91-94.

Carpenter, J. (1999), “Struggling to define the library of the future: some

observations on what makes a digital librarian?”, New Review of

Information Networking, 5, pp. 91-108.

Dominic, J and Nirmala, P.J (2004), "Impact of web OPAC of KIT library",

Indian Journal of Information, Library and Society, 17(3-4), pp145-155

92 

 

Ebrahim, Rahman, (2009), "The effect of Information and communication

technology (ICT) on Teaching Library and Information Sciences", Library

Philosophy and Practice

Efe, Sunday Ighovie and Adogebeji, Benson Oghenevwogaga (2006), “The

Assessment of the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in

data storage and information dissemination in Nigeria Metrological Stations",

The Electronic Library, 24(2), pp. 237- 42.

Emmanuel, Grace and Sife, Alfred S. (2008), "Challenges of managing information

and communication technologies for education: experiences from Sokoine

National Agriculture Library", International Journal of Education and

Development Using ICT, 4(3).

Fernandez-Maldonado, A.M. (2002), Diffusion and use of new information and

communication technologies in Lima”, Flux, 47, pp. 20- 34.

Ghosh , Maitrayee ,Biswas ,S. C. and Jeevan , V.K.J. (2006), "Strategic

cooperation and consortia building for Indian libraries :models and

methods", Library Review , 55 (9), pp. 608-620

Gowda, Vasappa and Shivalingaiah, D (2007), "E-sources of information: a study

of attitudes of research scholars", International Caliber, pp652- 662.

Gupta , Vibha and Ansari, Mehtab Alam (2007), "Impact of Information

Technology On Societal Development And E-Governance", Electronic

Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship, 8(1).(spring).

93 

 

Haneefa, M. (2007), Application of information and communication technologies in

special libraries in Kerala (India)”, Library Review 56 (7), pp. 603-620

Hughes-Hassell, Sandra and Hanson- Baldauf, Dana (2007), "Information and

Communication Technology use by North Carolina School Library Media

specialist: perceived competencies and barriers", American Association of

School libraries Vol.11.

Husain, Shabahat and Ansari, Mehtab Alam (2007), "Library automation

software packages in India : a study of the cataloging modules of Alice for

Window , Libsys and Virtua", Annals of Library And Information Studies ,

54(3), pp.146-151.

Idowu, Adetoun Omolola and Oduwole, Adebambo Adewale (2011), "Electronic

resources provision and internet accessibility challenges in Nigerian

Academic Libraries", Library Progress International, 31(2), pp 303-313.

Igwe, K.N. (2010), “Resource sharing in the ICT era: The case of Nigerian

university libraries, Journal of Interlibrary Loan, Document Delivery and

Electronic Reserve, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 20 (3), pp. 173-187

Islam, Md. Shariful and Islam, Md. Nazmul (2007), "Use of ICT in libraries: an

Empirical study of selected libraries in Bangladesh", Library Philosophy and

Practice.

Issa, Abdulwahab Olanrewaju ,Blessing , Amusan and Daura,Umma Dauda

(2009), "Effects of information literacy skills on the use of E-library

94 

 

resources among students of the university of Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria"

Libraries Philosophy And Practice.

Jacob, Ancy and Sornam, S. Ally (2011), "Consortium of Fishery Institute

Libraries in Kerala: a proposal", Library Progress International, 31(1)

pp19-26

Jayaprakash, M. and Balasubramani, R. (2011), "Status of Automation in

University Libraries of Tamil Nadu: A Survey", European Journal of

Scientific Research, 53 (1), pp.17-24.

K., Mohammed Haneefa (2007), Use of ICT based resources and services in special

libraries in Kerela", Annals of Library and Information Studies, 54 (1), pp.

23-31.

Kadriu, A., Abazi, L. (2006), “ICT at South East European University”,

Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology

Interfaces, ITI , art. no. 1708491, pp. 271-275

Kanungo , Neena Talwar (2007), "Use of internet in the scholarly communication

of social scientists: a case study of IGNOU", Annals Of Library and

Information Studies, 54(1), pp 7-18

Kaur , Simardeep and Singh , Sewa (2005), "Digital libraries Development in the

21st century with reference to India", Proceeding Of National Conference in

Recent Trends in Libraries and Information Science, pp .82-87

95 

 

Kavitha, T., Esmail, S. Mohamed and Nagarajan, M. (2011), "Use of ICT Among

the Faculty Members of Health Care Institutions in Puducherry", Library

Progress International, 31(1) pp 27-33.

Khan , Mohammad Haroon and Waris , Rao Ashher Kamal (2008), "Use of

internet services and resources in the departments and centers of Aligarh

Muslim University , Aligarh ; a study", NACLIN, Developing Library

Network ,4-7 Nov., pp 225-245.

Komolafe, H.O., Onatola, A. (2008), “Information seeking habits of clinical

information by nurses at Nigeria's premier university teaching hospital: A

survey”, Journal of Hospital Librarianship, 8 (2), pp. 175-192.

Kosiedowski, M., et al., ( 2009), “Medical digital library services as an improvement

of the teleconsultation system in the regional health network”, Proceedings -

International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine, and Social Medicine,

IEEE eTELEMED 2009 , art. no. 4782650, pp. 154-159.

Kumar, Devendra (2009), "Information needs of faculty members and research

scholars of Chaudhary Charan Singh university: a case study", Library

Philosophy and Practice.

www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/kumar.htm

Kumar, Rajeev and Kaur, Amritpal (2005), "Internet and its use in the Engineering

Colleges of Punjab, India: a case study", Webology, 2(4).

www.webology.ir/2005/v2n4.

96 

 

Mal, Bidyut K. and Bajpai, R. P. (2011), "Digital Libraries in India: some Major

Initiatives", Library Progress International, 31(1) pp 53-60.

Maharana, Bulu, Biswal, Swarupanjali and Sahu, N. K. (2009), "Use of

Information and communication technology by Medical Students: a survey

of VSS Medical College, Burla, India", Library Philosophy and Practice.

Malik, Satish Kumar (2007), "Web based information resources; a case study of

Electronic Journal", ILA Bulletin, 43(2), pp.31-35.

Mendhe , Ravindra M , Agarwal , Preeti and Taksande , Pratibha (2008), "Use

of digital resources by management faculty members affiliated to North

Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Maharashtra" NACLIN, Developing Library

Network, Nov 4-7 , pp 246-254.

Minishi-Majanja, M.K., Ocholla, D.N. (2003), “Information and communication

technologies in library and information science education in Kenya”,

Education for Information, 21 (4), pp. 243-262.

Mulla,K.R and Chandrashakara, M.(2007) "Internet users ; a study at Mysore

University", ILA Bulletin, 43(3), pp.29-40.

Nieuwenhuysen, P. (2004), “Challenges in the evolution of scientific and

technological libraries: Adaptation and synergy for survival and success”,

IATUL Proceedings Volume 14 (New Series) 2004: Library Management in

Changing Environment, pp. 103-110.

97 

 

Ochallo, Dennis, N. (2003), "An overview of information communication

Technologies (ICT) in the LIS schools of eastern and Southern Africa",

Education for Information , 23, pp. 181- 191.

Ogbomo, Monday Obaidjevwe and Ogbomo, Essoswo Francisca (2008),

"Importance of Information and Communication technologies (ICT) in

making a healthy information societies : a case study of Ethiope East local

government Area of Delta State, Nigeria", Library Philosophy and

Practice.

Okiy, R.B. (2005), “Strengthening information provision in Nigerian university

libraries through information communication technologies”, Electronic

Library, 23 (3), pp. 311-318.

Omona, W., Ikoja-Odongo, R. (2006), “Application of information and

communication technology (ICT) in health information access and

dissemination in Uganda”, Journal of Librarianship and Information

Science, 38 (1), pp. 45-55

Othman, R., Halim, N.S. (2004), “Retrieval features for online databases:

Common, unique, and expected”, Online Information Review 28(3), pp.

200-210

Oyewusi , Fadehemi Omobola and Oyeboade, Samuel Adeolu (2009), "An

empirical study of accessibility and use if library resources by

98 

 

undergraduates in a Nigerian State university of Technology", Library

Philosophy And Practice.

www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/usi-oyeboade.html

Parthiban, Kalpana , Varadharajah , J., O, Chandraselarm, V.M and Kothari,

D.P (2008), "Digital library- user studies ;an overview of Periyar EVR

central, VIIT university”, NACLIN, 4-7 Nov , pp.288-301.

Ramamritham, K., et al., (2006), “Innovative ICT tools for information provision in

agricultural extension , International Conference on Information and

Communication Technology and Development, ICTD2006 , IEEE, art. no.

4085510, pp. 34-38 .

Ramzan, Muhammad (2004), "Levels If Information Technology (IT) Application

In Muslim World Libraries", The Electronic Libraries, 22(3) , pp.274-280.

Rao, Siriginidi Subba (2001), "Networking of libraries and information center :

challenges in India" Libraries Hi Tech , 19(2), pp.167-179.

Roknuzzaman, M. (2006), "A survey of internet access in a large public university

in Bangladesh", International Journal of Education and Development Using

ICT, 2(3).

Saarti, Jamo (2003), "The Acquisition and maintenance cost association with

Library Automation systems in Finnish Public Libraries", Electronic

Library and Information Systems, 37(1), pp.25-30.

99 

 

Sampath Kumar, B.T., Biradar, B.S. (2010), “Use of ICT in college libraries in

Karnataka, India: A survey”, Program, Emerald Group Publishing Limited,

44 (3), pp. 271-282

Singh, Balwan, Kapil, P.C and Pateria, Rajive (2007), "University libraries in

Digital environment; vision 2020", ILA Bulletin, 43 (4), pp.5- 12.

Singh, S.P. (2005) The role of technology in the emergence of the information

society in India, Electronic Library, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 23

(6), pp. 678-690

Sirisha, B.S., et al., (2009), “A personalized information support system for

searching portals and e-resources”, Program, Emerald Group Publishing 43

(1), pp. 77-93

Sreekumar, M. G (2001), "User issues in the electronic information environment",

DRTC/ IST, DLIS/ university of Mysore joint workshop on Digital Library,

12th-16th march, 2001.

Tholkappian , S. and Chandran D. (2007), "Role of e-books in academic

libraries; towards virtual library", International Caliber, pp. 663-667.

Trivedi, Mayaule , Jani, Sindiya And Sheikh, Rizwan (2007), "Use of

information technology in libraries; with special reference to intellectual

property Right", ILA bulletin , 43(3), pp 19-22

100 

 

Vasishta, Seema (2007) "Digitizing the academic libraries in India - need of the

hours", International Caliber , 8-10 Feb , pp 56-64.

Vijayakumar, J.K., Vijayakumar, M. (2003), “Knowledge, connections, and

communities: A special reference to Indian University Libraries”,

International Information and Library Review, Elsevier Science Ltd 35 (2-

4), pp. 375-382

Virkus, S. (2008), “Use of Web 2.0 technologies in LIS education: Experiences at

Tallinn University, Estonia”, Program, Emerald Group Publishing Limited,

42 (3), pp. 262-274.

Wijayaratne, Anusha, (2005), “Automation of Library Functions with Special

Reference to Circulation System Adopted at the Library of Open University

of Sri Lanka”, Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka,

9, pp 12-22.

Williams,Teresa D., Grimble, Bonnie J and Irwin, Marilyn(2004), "Teachers

links to electronic resources in the library media center : a local study of

awareness, knowledge , and influence", ALA, 72.

www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/aasl/aaslpubsandjournals/slmrb

Womboh, Benks S. H. and Abba, Tukur (2008), "The State of Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) in Nigerian University Libraries: the

experience of Ibrahim Babangida Library, Fedral University of Technology,

Yola", Library Philosophy and Practice.

101 

 

Yazit, N., Zainab, A.N. (2007), “Publication productivity of Malaysian authors and

institutions in LIS”, Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science,

12(2), pp. 35-55.

Yusuf, F., Nkiko, C. (2010), “Involvement of non-professionals in cataloguing: A

survey of practices in three academic libraries in Nigeria”, Malaysian

Journal of Library and Information Science, 15(1), pp. 83-90.