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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter reviews current literatures about interpersonal meaning.This

starts with deeper details about editorial and media profile of The Jakarta Post

and The Jakarta Globe. Further, it is followed with a brief discussion on Systemic

Functional Linguistics. Systemic Functional Linguistics emphasizes

lexicogrammar concerning with mood system and MOOD structure, transitivity,

thematic structure, polarity, modality, clause system, lexis system, and groups.

This chapter also discusses text structure and genre.

A. Editorial

Editorial is one of writing product in newspaper, magazine, or other

journalistic publications discussing issues that attract public attention. The issues

discussing in editorial are politics, social, culture, and economy (Gamble and

Gamble, 1989).

Editorial function is to help the readers make sense out the news and draw

conclusion about topic of important to contemporary society (Gamble and Gable,

1989). Besides, editorial delivers opinion of certain media toward certain

phenomenon. Thus, the editorial represents the stance or attitude of the

newspaper.Furthermore, editorial give much information, analysis, and

recommendation which helps the readers to decides their position about certain

issue. Therefore, editorial has several roles and impact in society. Editorial can

stimulate anger, satisfaction, sympathy, empathy, sadness, happiness, and other

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feelings so that editorial could lead the reader to follow the writer‟s point of view

(Rivers &McIntyre, 1994).

For the important function, the editorial is written by the senior editor or lead

of redactor.The writer is expected to have extensive knowledge and high integrity

so that editoriall content represents honesty, the balance, and comprehensive

discussion(Faqih, 2001).

B. The Jakarta Post

The Jakarta post is the largest English newspaper published in Indonesia. The

Post was launched on April, 25 1983. The Post was owned by PT Bina Media

Tenggara with the head office is in Indonesia nation‟s capital, Jakarta.

The Jakarta Post is small mass media in Indonesia howeverThe Jakarta Post

is influential newspaper oriented toward English-speaking emigrant and the

diplomatic community. The post becomes a prestigious independent broadsheet

with extensive national and international influences (Taranta, 2008).

The latest year, The Jakarta Post can be accessed on the internet by browsing

www.thejakartapost.com. The online newspaper has similar contents with the

printed one, such as headline, national, archipelago, opinion, readers‟ forum,

world, country profile, business, reportage, city, sports, features, entertainment

guide, ad column.

C. The Jakarta Globe

The Jakarta Globeis a daily English newspaper in Indonesia launched on

November 12, 2008. The Globe is classified into three sections; section A contains

general news, including metropolitan, national news, and international news,

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section B contains Indonesia and world business and sport, also the advertising

section; while section C contains an extensive features and lifestyle coverage as

well as entertainments.

The Jakarta Globeaims to bring objective, entertaining news and information

relevant to the readers‟ live in Jakarta and Indonesia. Furthermore, it is marketed

primary at cosmopolitan and well educated Indonesia and expatriates. The Jakarta

Globe uses US spelling and stresses clarity in its editing language to maximize

readers‟ appeal. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Globe.

D. Systemic Functional Linguistics

Halliday(1985)characterizes Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)by the

terms: systemic and functional. With the term „systemic‟, this theory views

language as a network of choice system by which a language or any other

semiotic system is interpreted as networks of interlocking options. This means

that the meanings relate each other to perform meaning as a whole. Meanwhile,

with the term „functional‟, this theory views how language which is used to reach

a specific goal. In other words, SFL is a theory of language systemwhich concerns

with the language function to achieve a goal in a particular context for a particular

function., SFL aims to provide a comprehensive set of discourse analysis since it

focuses in analysingtext in both texts and context rather than analysing text only.

Eggins(1994)statesthat SFL is a theory examining language in relation with

social interaction. It is a functional-semantic approach of language which explores

both how people use language in a certain context and how language is structured

for the use as a semiotic analysis. It means that the relation between the language

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and social context is not as cause-and-effect relation but rather realization or

symbolization of the social semiotic.

E. The three metafunctions

The function of language essentially equates with meaning. There are three

meanings representing the language function known as metafuntions; ideational

(experiential) meaning, interpersonal meaning and textual meaning (Halliday,

1985). Ideational meaning is the use of languageto reflect the reality of the

participants‟ experiences. These experiencesaremajorly represented in

transitivity.Meanwhile, interpersonal meaning shows the social interactions

between participants represented in the speech roles. These areclassified into

giving or demanding information (proposition) and giving and demanding goods

and services (proposal).It could be scrutinized though Mood. Furthermore,these

ideational meaning and interpersonal meaning are realized in textual

meaning.Thus, textual meaning is the symbolical meaning showing how messages

are organized within and outside the text (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004).

In addition, the three metafunctions are then combined together with context

of situation,namely register, to create a whole meaning (Halliday in Martin,

1992).Halliday(1985) defines register as language variety depends on the function

that represents what someone is speaking in particular situation. Thus, in an

English text research, it is important to analyze a text in register term for defining

the precise meaning in accordance with the speaker‟s or writer‟spurposed context.

Martin (1992) classifies register into three variables namely field, tenor, and

mode. Martin argues that field refers to sets of activities sequences which are

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oriented to some general institutional purposes. Field refers to the contextual

projection of experiential meaning which focuses on the transitivity.In the

transitivity the experience will be described in three components namely process,

participant and circumstances. Santosa(2003) states that in a discourse, field can

be analyzed through transitivity, text structure, clause system, nominal group,

verbal group, and lexis system.

Tenor refers to the social role relationship played by the participants in

certain context (Eggins, 1994). Martin(1992) classifies tenor into three

dimensions namely status, affect and context.Santosa(2003) states that status

discusses the inter-relationship level among participants, whether it is equal or

unequal.Status can be classified through the lexis: descriptive or attitudinal lexis,

mood structure, transitivity, theme, text structure, and genre. Affect portrays any

positive or negative judgment of participants. It can be identified through the

lexis: descriptive or attitudinal, mood structure, transitivity, theme, text structure,

and genre. Meanwhile, contact evaluates the use of language employed in the text,

whether it is understandable or not for the readers. It could be realized through

text structure, clause system, lexis: congruent or incongruent.

Mode is the role language plays in an interaction. Mode recognizes what

part of language is playing, what the participant‟s expectation to language to do

for them in the situation (Eggins, 1994). Meanwhile, Santosa(2003)explains that

mode is the projection of textual meaning consisting of channel and medium.

Channel is the language style used to express the language rather it is spoken,

written, or both of them. The characteristics of spoken and written language can

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be classified through the level of abstraction and the dense of language.

Furthermore, medium relates to the medium in which the language expressed,

whether it is one way or two way oral communication. The spoken medium can be

realized in one way and two way communications such as tutorial, speech, radio

broadcasting, seminar, dialog and so one while written medium can be realized in

magazine, letter, ballyhoo, tabloid, and so on.

Thus, the relationship between the metafunctions and the register is as

follows.Ideational metafunction is related to field for field, that covers the event

of surroundings, while ideational meaning represents participants‟ experience and

content event.Interpersonal metafuntion is related to tenor for tenorrefers to the

status and role relation of participants, while interpersonal meaning aims to enact

participants relationship.Mode has close relation with textual metafunction for

mode includes channel and medium used in a text while textual meaning aims to

organize text from the beginning to the end of a text (Martin, 1992).

F. Interpersonal meaning

Interpersonal meaning realizes the meaning constructed from the

interactionbetween participants in a social interaction. A social interaction is a

form of action from the doer to others. The relationship between the speaker or

writer and listener or reader can be realized in the form of clause as exchange,

whether proposition (giving and demanding information) or proposal (giving and

demanding good and services). The proposition is inside of statement and

question clauses while the proposal is inside of offer and command

clauses(Halliday&Hasan, 1985).HallidayandMatthiessen (2004) argues that

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interpersonal meaning has a relation with the attitude and viewpoint of the speaker

or writer and the way he/she maintains social relationships with the addressee in

order to achieve his/her communicative purpose.

Matthiessen (in Martin, 1992) states that interpersonal is the realization of

tenor. Thus, tenor refers to the status and role relation of participants while

interpersonal meaning aims to enact participants‟ relationship.In lexicogrammar

system tenor is represented in mood, key, polarity, modalization, modulation,

comment, tagging, vocation and person. It can also be realized in text structure.

According to Santosa (2003), in the level of lexis, tenor can be realized through

lexis system, namely descriptive and attitudinal lexis. In clause level, tenor can be

seen through MOOD system, mood structure, modality, modulation or

.modalization. In discourse semantics level, tenor can be examined through the

rhetorical function of stages in a text and the whole of text structure. Therefore,

Martin (1992) categorizes tenor into three dimensions: status, affect and contact.

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Figure 2.1 Tenor

(Martin, 1992)

Status refers to the relative position of participants in a culture‟s social

hierarchy (Martin, 1992). Status is divided into two variables: equal and unequal.

It is equal when the participants show a democratic relation such as between the

members of House of Representation and between friends. It is unequal when the

participants show a different position in social interaction such as between a

doctor and a patient or between a director and anemployee when the doctor or

director gives command to the patient or employee. Poynton in Martin (1992)

explains that status in terms of grammar can be emphasized through ellipsis,

polarity, modalization, modulation, attitude, comment, vocation, person, tagging,

and agency while in the lexis system it is represented in euphemize and swearing.

In this research the status is scrutinized through lexicogrammar system, text

structure and genre. Status is called equal when the writer uses proposition mood

structure. It shows that the speaker just wants to give or demand certain

information to other participant. Declarative and interrogative MOOD system

TENOR

STATUS

CONTACT

AFEECT

Equal

Unequal

Involved

Distant

Marked

Positive

Negative

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represents the equality between the participants for the absent of compulsion to

other participant to do or not to do something. Low and medium modalizationsuch

as possibly, could and sometimes describe the equality between the participants

since these represent the medium possibility, no orders or forces for certain

condition. The inclination modulations such as willing to, anxious to, determined

to describe the equality between the participants since these show the preference

rather than the obligation. Further, the use of several close addressee and pronoun

such as you, we, your, andour representswriter‟s effort in maintaining close social

relationship. By maintaining social relationship, the writerwants to establish equal

relationship between participants. In additional, text structure and genre also have

a role in classifying the status.As an exposition genre conveying the idea through

thesis-arguments-reiteration, the writer of an editorial will maintain equal status to

the reader since the redactor wants to inform his idea to the readers (analytical

exposition) but it can be unequal when the redactor gives more proposal

(hortatory exposition).

In contrast, status is called unequal when the writer uses proposal mood

structure. It shows that the writer wants to give certain good and services to other

participant or demand good and services from other participants. It portrays an

authority of the writer to ask the readers to do or not to do something. Further, the

imperative MOOD system represents the unequal status since the writer offer or

commands something to other participants. High modalization such as certainty,

mush, should, and always describe the unequal status between the participants for

this term describes the higher enforcement in certain condition. The obligation

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modulations such as supposed to, allowed to, and required to also describe the

power of participant to others. Further, the formal addressees such as Mr., Mrs.,

and Sir represent participant‟s maintenance in making social distance. Therefore,

it realizes the unequal status between the participants.

Contact refers to the degreeof involvementamong participants (Martin,

1992). Poynton(in Martin 1992) states that contact can be classified into involved

and uninvolved. From the perspective of system, there are two principles relating

to contact: proliferation and contraction. Proliferation shows the predictability of

meanings at risk: the less contact the fewer the choices available and conversely.

Contraction shows that the less contact means the relation of the meaning selected

has to be more explicit, whereas more contact means that more can be left unsaid.

Poyntonexplains that contact in the grammar system contact can be realized

through clauses, ellipsis, vocation, range of name, and nick-name while in the

lexis system it can be scrutinized through specialized, technical, slang, and words

characteristic. Santosa in 2003 states that contact also relate to the familiarity of

language used in a text whether it is easy or difficult to be understood. It can be

realized through text structure, clause system, lexis: congruent or incongruent.

In this research, contact will be identified through group system, addressee,

and theme structure. The involved contact can be identified through simplex

clause, simplex nominal group, and simplex verbal group. The simplicity proves

that the writer‟s language tends to be more familiar and understandable.

Furthermore, the cohesion system realized in references, ellipsis, substitution,

conjunction, synonymy, antonym and others will determinethe text whether it is

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well composed or not. As stated by Santosa, contact is also concerned with the

degree of involvement among participants. The use of several pronouns such as

our and yourindicates that the writer wants to build intimate communication with

the readers. Further the use of subject we and you also represents the writer effort

to involve the readers in the issue. In other sides, theme also has contribution in

analyzing contact. Theme, particularly interpersonal theme will significantly

portray the involvement of participants since it attracts other participant to make

communication in particular term.

Affect refers to the deeper of emotional charge in the relationship between

participants (Martin, 1992). It is different from status and contact since the

analysis relates to the evaluation among the participants. Poynton in Martin

classifies affect into two types: positive and negative. Affect is called positive

when the participants support, show agreement to the participants‟ opinion or they

respect and praise between one and another participant. However, affect is called

negative when the participants do criticize attack or mock and disagree toward the

participant‟s opinion (Santosa, 2003).

Here, affect will be identified by analyzing the lexis system, MOOD system,

transitivity, polarity, and text structure and genre. MOOD system influences the

affect through indicative declarative function as proposition or imperative as

proposal. It will influence how the attitude of the writer to other participants,

whether the writer just wants to give and demand information or the writer wants

to give and demand good and services. In lexis system, the affect can be classified

into positive and negative through the attitudinal lexis. It becomes positive when

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the attitude represents positive judgment while it becomes negative when the

attitude represents negative judgment. Furthermore, the transitivity also

contributes the affect through the process applied. For example, in the attributive

relational process, the writer will give attribute to the carrier, whether the attribute

is positive or negative. In other side, polarity also represents the positive and

negative opinion of the writer about other participants‟ representation. In the

genre and text structure, the affect can be scrutinized since genre has its own

function. In editorial, the writer wants to explain his view and analysis about

certain phenomenon. The writer wants the readers have more point of views relate

to this issue.

G. Lexicogrammar

Lexicogrammaris derived from the words lexis and grammar.. Lexis refers

to the words used in a text, while grammar is a system or structure. It is the central

stratum among three metafuntions which are closely related to the grammatical

structure, such as clause system, transitivity, MOOD system and Mood structure,

thematic structure, metaphor, abstraction, and technicality. (Santosa, 2003).

1. MOOD Structure and Mood System

MOOD System is a system defining the type of clause being carried out in a

verbal interaction, whether it is indicative (declarative, interrogative) or

imperative. Indicative clause grammatically has Subject (S) followed by Finite (F)

while indicative interrogative clause consists of Finite followed by Subject.

Imperative clause grammatically has no either Subject or Finite, it has only a

Predicator. (Santosa, 2003)

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Figure 2.2 MOOD System

Mood structure is a clause structure signifying interpersonal meaning. It

realizes the interaction between participants, which is categorized into demanding

and giving information or good and services (Halliday, 1994; Santosa, 2003).

Interpersonal or social interaction in a clause can be classified into four, including

giving good and services (offer), demanding good and services (command),

giving information (statement) and demanding information (question). Moreover,

the exchange of information is in the form of proposition while the exchange of

goods and services refers to proposal (Santosa, 2003).

Speech Role Goods and Services Information

Giving Offer

Here‟s the whitedress.

Statement

This is Hajar‟s white dress.

Demanding Command

Hajar‟swhite dress,

please.

Question

Which dress isHajar‟s dress?

MOOD

SYSTEM

Wh

( Wh^ F ^ S )

Polar

( F^ S )

Interrogative

( F^ S )

Declarative

( S^ F)

Indicative

( S& F)

Imperative

(P)

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Proposal Proposition

(Adapted fromHalliday, 1985 with modification)

2. Thematic Structure

Halliday and Mattheiessen (2004) define theme as an element which serves

the point of departure of a message. Theme is put in the first and it is combined by

rheme that comes after in a message structure. It means that theme provides the

main idea in a clause which becomes the starting point to develop the clause.

Theme is classified into three types: topical theme (unmarked and marked),

interpersonal theme and textual theme.

a. Topical theme

According to Eggins in 1992, topical theme is an element in first position of

the clause to which a transitivity function can be assigned in a clause. Halliday in

Language and Text classifies Topical theme into two types; unmarked and

marked. Unmarked topical theme is characterized by subjects, including first

personal pronouns: I; others personal pronoun: you, we, he, she, it, they, and

impersonal pronoun: it and there. Besides Marked topical theme is realized by

something other than subject, such as adjunct in adverbial group (today, suddenly,

at night, in the corner), and complement (the Queen next morning fried).

b. Interpersonal theme

Eggins in 1994 states that the constituents which can function as

Interpersonal Theme are the unfused Finite (in interrogative structuressuch as is,

isn’t, do, don’t.), and all four categories of Modal Adjuncts: Mood such as may

be, just, Polarity, Vocative such as greeting for someone like Simon, Rachel, and

Comment such as fortunately, unfortunately.

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c. Textual theme

Textual theme refers to the cohesive work in connecting clause and context.

It is realized in the form of continuative adjunct (well, err, oh), conjunction (and,

or, because), and conjunctive adjunct (however, next, meanwhile).

3. Transitivity

Transitivity is a grammatical unit representing ideational meaning. It

describes the experience of the participants; how the participants talk about

actions, happenings, thoughts, feelings, beliefs and situations. (Lock, 1996). The

differences in process type determine the functional participant roles.

a. Process

1. Material process

Material process is process of doing. The entity undertakes some action

to other so that the action can be realized in social interactions (Eggins,

1994). The types of material process can be classified into two: the process of

doing (make, build, and create) and the process of happening (send, throw,

and pour). The process of doing realizes that the actor creates something as a

goal (actor-process-goal) while the process of happening realizes the actor

doing something without a goal (actor-process).

The participants involved in material process are actor, goal,

beneficiary (recipient or client) and range. Actor is the doer of a process. Goal

is the participant who undergoes the process. Range is the scope or the

development of the process. Beneficiary is the participants receiving the

goods and services in a process. The participant receiving the goods is called

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as recipient while the participants receiving the services is called client.

Range is an extension of process (not a noun).

Example:

Adam gave a forbidden fruit to Eve

Eve prepared breakfast for him

Actor process goal recipient client

Adam make a mistake

Actor process Range

2. Mental process

Mental process is a psychological process which encodes the way of

someone in sensing, thinking and feeling certain situation. It is divided into

three classes: cognition (use of brain, e.g. thinking, imagining, understanding,

assuming, etc), perception (use of senses, e.g. seeing, hearing, tasting,

smelling, observing, etc), affection (use of emotion or feeling, e.g. loving,

heating, fearing, dreading, preferring, etc). (Halliday,1994; Santosa, 2003)

The participants involved in mental process are senser and

phenomenon. Senser is the participant who senses, thinks, and feels.

Meanwhile, phenomenon is the participant which is sensed, thought and felt.

(Halliday, 1994: Santosa, 2003)

Example:

Siti wondered why she was chosen.

Senser process Phenomenon

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3. Relational process

Relational process is a process of „being‟ and „having‟. It characterizes and

identifies something. There are two types of process, namely attributive

relational process and identifying relational process (Halliday&Matthiessen,

2004)

a. Attributive Relational Process

Attributive Relational Process (ARP) is a process which relates a

participant to another participant by giving attribute. The two

participants of this process are the carrier and attribute. Carrier is the

participant who gives the attributes, whereas attribute is something

attached to the carrier. It can be in the form of thing, characteristics, or

state. (Santosa, 2003)

Example:

The dancers are beautiful

Carrier process Attribute

b. Identifying Relational Process

Identifying relational process (IRP) is a process of relating one

participant to another by giving value. It consists of two participants,

namely token and value. Token is the participant who is being defined

and value is the participant which does define. Unlike ARP, the

identifying relational process is reversible. It can be realized through be

and several verb, such as show, indicate, symbolize, express (Santosa,

2003)

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Red flag color means brave

Token process Value

4. Behavioral process

Behavioral process is a process of physiological and psychological

behavior like breathing, coughing, smiling, and dreaming (Halliday, 1994).

There are two types of behavioral process: mental behavioral and verbal

behavioral process.

a. Mental behavioral process

Halliday in Eggins (1994) describes mental behavioral process as a

“half-way house” between material and mental process. It means that the

participant using mental deed in doing the actions. The participants are

behaver and phenomenon. Behaver refers to the participant who is behaving

and it is commonly a conscious being. Meanwhile, phenomenon is the entity

which follows the process. This process is realized by several verbs, for

instance, watch, investigate, laugh, and stare (Halliday, 1994; Santosa,

2003).

Example:

b. Verbal behavioral process

Verbal behavioral process is a process of using verbal deed in doing

the action. The three participants are sayer, verbiage, and receiver. Sayer is

the participant who says something, verbiage is the message which is

Ayub memorizes Yusuf‟s custom.

behaver process phenomenon

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delivered and receiver is the participant who receives the saying. Several

verbs realizing this process is told, say, ask (Santosa, 2003).

Example:

Ibrahim talked about his nightmare to Ismail

sayer process verbiage receiver

5. Verbal process

Verbal process is a process of saying without following action. The

three participants of this process are sayer, verbiage, and receiver. Sayer is

the participants who send the message, receiver is that who receives the

message, and verbiage is the message itself. (Santosa, 2003)

Example:

He Asked me apropsal.

Sayer process receiver verbiage

6. Existential process

Existential process is a process showing the existence of something. It

has one participant, namely existent. This process is generally realized by

the clause starting with “there is/are….” Or the verb exists.

Example:

There Was a disaster in her country

Process existent Circumstance

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b. Circumstances

According to Santosa in 2003, Circumstances is defined as the

physical and non-physical environment conveying the process. Circumstances

in a sentence are realized through the adverbial phrase. There are eight types

of circumstances namely extent, location (time and place), manner (means,

quality, and comparison), accompaniment, matter, cause, role and angle.

a. Angle

Angle is circumstance with the message of the speaker‟s or

others‟. It is indicated by the preposition phrase like according to.

The interrogative form is who says?. For example

According to my teacher quick adaptation is needed

Cir: angle

b. Extent

Extent is circumstance showing the time duration and

distance. It can be realized by some units of measurements e.g.

minute, our, year, kilometer, etc. it can be checked by several

question, e.g. How far?, How long?, How many times?For example

I went to Bali three times

Cir: extent

c. Location

The circumstantial element of location deals with the

location in terms of time and place. It can be evaluated trough the

question when and where.

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For example:

My sister will work in Jakarta next week

Cir: Loc: Place Cir: Loc: time

d. Manner

Manner is divided into three, namely means, quality, and

comparison.

1. Means

Manner of means expresses the means used in the process. It

commonly realized by prepositional phrase like by and with.

This circumstance can be checked through the question

What….with?andHow?For example:

She cuts the carrots with the knife

Cir: manner: means

2. Quality

Manner of quality is usually described by an adverb. The

question to check this circumstance is How. For example:

The student listens to the teacher seriously

Cir: manner: quality

3. Comparison

Manner of comparison is circumstance which describes the

similarity or difference from a participant or process to another.

The interrogative form to analyze is What…. like?

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For example:

Unlike her twin, Lea has a thin body

Cir: manner: comparison

e. Cause

There are five types of cause circumstance:

1. Reason

Circumstance of reason refers to the question why and how. It

explores the proposition through, because of, as a result of, and

due to. For example:

She got many vocabularies because of the dictionary

Cir: cause: reason

2. Purpose

Circumstance of purpose show the aim of the process

happening. It can be identified by applying the question what

for. For example:

She study hard For her final examination

Cir: cause: purpose

3. Condition

It refers to certain condition in the process. It can be checked

by the interrogative form what if. For example:

In the case of traffic jam, We will go before 6 AM

Cir: cause: condition

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4. Concession

Circumstance of concession is a circumstance that gives a

concession in the process. It is signified by inspite of, despite

of. For example:

Despite the rain He went to school

Cir: cause: concession

5. Behalf

Circumstance of behalf can be identified through the

preposition for the sake, on behalf. It can answer the question

for whom. For example:

I will join the competition on behalf of my school

Cir: cause: behalf

f. Accompaniment

Circumstance of accompaniment is the circumstances which

accompany the participants. It is characterized by the propositional

phrase with, without, besides, instead of and can answer the

question who, what else.

For example:

I went to Bali with my family

Cir: cause: accompaniment

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g. Matter

This circumstance refers to the matter in the process. It is indicated

by the proposition about, concerning, with reference to, dealing

with, etc. For example:

Dealing with tenor We will discuss status, affect, and contact

Cir: cause: matter

h. Role

Circumstance of role expresses the role one by the participants in

the process. It indicated by preposition such as by way of, in the

role/shape/form of. For example:

As a doctor He spends much time in the hospital

Cir: cause: role

c. Extra Causer

Extra causer is the agent outside the participants (actor, senser, sayer, carrier,

token, and existent). There are four types of extra causer:

a. Initiator

This extra causer is identified by the verbs: make, let, get, (x) do.

For example:

My aunt let me cook

Initiator Pro- Actor -cess

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b. Inducer

Inducer is indicated by the verbs: persuade, convince, assure.

For example:

She convince him the dog does not bite

inducer process senser phenomenon

c. Attributor

Attributor is expressed by verbs: make, keep, leave, drive. For example:

Mother makes the room clean

attributor process carrier attribute

d. Assigner

Assigner is signified by the verbs: elect, name, vote, call, and make. For

example:

We Call him Tom

assigner process token Value

4. Polarity and Modality

Halliday in 1994 explains that polarity expresses a Finite element whether

positive (e.g. is, was, has, can, do) or negative (e.g. isn’t, wasn’t, hasn’t, can’t,

don’t). The example of positive polarityis such in the clause It is. Do That!while

the example of negative polarity is such in the clause It isn’t. Don’t do that!

Furthermore, Hallidayexplains that there is certain condition where the finite

is located between the negative and positive poles which iscalled as modality then.

This condition portrays that there is certain message of the Finite that cannot be

33

bounded to the positive and negative or yes and no only. (Halliday, 1994).

Modality consists of two types, namely modalization and modulation.

Modalization relates to the speech function of proposition (statement and

question), where information is being conveyed. It emphasizes probability (how

something happening being true) and usuality (how frequency something

happening). There are some examples about modality. Probability can be realized

in several mood adjuncts, such as probably, possibly, certainty, perhaps, and may

be (e.g. that’s probably John), while usuality can be perceived in mood adjuncts;

usually, sometimes, ever, never and seldom,(e.g. he usually sits there al the day).

Meanwhile, modulation relates to the speech function of proposal

(command and offer) where goods and services are being conveyed. It emphasizes

obligation (how speaker gets someone to carry out his/her command) and

inclination (how someone feeling to do a particular thing). The example of

obligation and inclination together in a sentence is You should know that, I will

help you. You should know that describes that the speaker demand the service

from the hearer as obligation while I will help you describes that the speaker tend

to give services to the hearer as inclination. Obligation recognized in mood

adjunct like definitely, absolutely, possibly, and at all costs while several mood

adjunct identified in inclination are willingly, readily, gladly, certainly, and easily

(Ibid)

5. Lexis System

Santosa explains that lexis means words in use in the text or in discourse.

There are three approaches in looking at lexis in SFL: textual reality, ideational

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reality, and interpersonal reality. Textual reality is realized in the congruent and

incongruent realization. Experiential/ideational reality is realized in descriptive or

attitudinal realization of participants (2003).

a. Congruent and Incongruent Lexis

According to Santosa in 2003, congruent lexis is realized

directly or congruently between the reality and the symbol. Congruent

lexis is indicated by placing nominal group as participant, verbal group

as process, and adverbial group as circumstance. The example of

congruent lexis can be portrayed in this sentence“Daud sings a song”.

Daud in reality is things. The symbolization of Daud in the clause is

noun. The “sing” in reality is an activity/process. In the clause it is

symbolized as a verb. The “song” in reality is extension of process. In

the clause it is symbolized as range. Meanwhile, incongruent lexis is

constructed from indirect or incongruent symbolization. It is realized

by changing a group of word into other grammatical system. It is

proofed when a process which typically symbolize as a verb is realized

as noun. This incongruent symbolization can be divided into

abstraction (nominalization) and technicality (nominalization in

particular field). The example of incongruent lexis can be portrayed in

this sentence “The death of Khadijah made Muhammad get

depressed.” Here, in the reality, death is a verb but in the clause death

is symbolized as a noun.

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b. Descriptive and attitudinal lexis

Descriptive lexis is a lexis describing experiential reality

objectively. It is realized without involving any implicit opinion or

attitude of the writer. Meanwhile, attitudinal lexis portrays the

experiential reality subjectively. It involves opinion, judgment, or

attitude or the writer(Santosa, 2003). The examples of descriptive and

attitudinal lexis can be realized in these clause, (1) “The corruptor was

eventually jailed for 10 years” (attitudinal lexis) and (2) “Mr.Abas

was eventually jailed for 10 years” (descriptive lexis). The use of

“corruptor” in sentence (1) represent the negative attitude of

interlocutor tp the intended people while in sentence (2) the negative

attitude decreases when the interlocutor uses “Mr. Abas”

6. Clause System

Clause system is classified into two; minor and major clause. Minor

clause is the clause that has no mood and transitivity. In other words, it has

no process inside. Usually, the functions of minor clause are as greetings,

call, and exclamation such as Good night!, Well done, etc.

On the other side, major clause is a clause which has a process inside.

It is divided into simplex and complex clause. Simplex clause consists of

one process while complex clause has more than one process (Halliday,

1994).Simplex clause is a clause which systematically stands by itself

without any expansions of meaning. It only consists of one activity realized

in its process (Santosa, 2003), for instance: She has breakfast.Besides,

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Complex clause is a clause consisting of more than one process. (Halliday,

1994) It means that there is a logical relationship between sentences. The

complex clause is connected by conjunction such asor, and, but, after, and

before.

H. Genre and Genetic Structure Potential

Hasan (1995) defines genre as a type of text which has certain function and

meaning produced by particular social process. Here, social process is explained

as a social activity in a context of culture in which a language plays an important

role. Besides, Martin and Rose in Working with Discourse explains genre as a

staged, goal-oriented social process. Social because people participate in genres

with other people; goal oriented because people use genre to get things done;

staged because genre takes several steps to reach the goal (2003). It means that

genre is type of text that has obligated rhetorical srtucture in order to achieve its

purpose.

Martin in 1992 states that genre is realized by the structure of text named

Genetic Structure Potential (GSP). GSP is applied to diagnose the social function

of a genre. GSP itself particularly includes opening, body, and the closure of the

text. The GSP of a text can be different that other text for its different purpose.

For example, the GSP of discussion text is different from GSP of procedure text.

Martin (1992) in Santosa (2011) classifies genre into two categories namely

factual genre and story genre. Factual genre explores the social process including

daily acivities, academic, journalistic, and many other activities. He classifies

factual genre in eight categories namely recount, report, description, procedure,

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explanation, exposition, discussion, and exploration. Besides, story genre explores

the social process which has purpose to entertain the readers. Martin classifies

story genre in four categories: recount, anecdote, exemplum, and narrative.

Genre Social Purpose Social location

Recount To retell past events for the purpose

of informing.

Personal letters, police

report, insurance

claims, etc

Report To describe the ways things are,

with reference to a whole range of

phenomena.

Brochures, government

and business report.

Description To describe particular thing, either

living or non-living thing.

Travel brochures,

novels, product details.

Procedure To describe how something is

worked out through a sequence of

action of steps.

Instruction manuals,

science rport,

cookbooks, etc

Explanation To explain the process of

phenomenon. It includes the

question how and why.

News reports,

textbooks.

Exposition To put forward point of view or

give one-side argument.

Editorials, essays,

commentaries.

Discussion To presents information and

argument for both sides of topical

issue. It is usually conclude with a

recommendation based on the

weight of evidence.

Politics and social

cases forum.

Exploration To find out something which still

theoretical phase.

(Adapted from Hyland, 2004; Santosa 2011)

Table of Genre and generic structure

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Genre Generic Structure

Recount orientation ^ record of events ^ reorientation

Report general statement ^ general classification ^ description

Description identification ^ description

Procedure goal ^ procedure

Explanation General statement ^ sequence of explanation

Exposition Thesis ^ arguments ^ summing up / recommendation

Discussion General statement ^ argument for ^ argument against ^

conclusion or recomendation

Exploration

(Adapted from Hyland, 2004; Santosa 2011)

Genre Social purpose Generic structure

Recount To entertain the readers by telling

story what happen in past.

Orientation ^record ^

reorientation

Anecdote To reveal a truth besides to entertain

the readers

Orientation ^crisis

^reaction ^coda

Exemplum To views a usual thing as an

accident. Which is then followed by

an interpretation tht explains how

thing should or should not happen.

Orientation ^ incident ^

interpretation ^ coda

Narrative To view an unusual thing as

complication which is further

evaluated in the evaluation and it

will be overcome in the resolution.

Orientatin ^ compication

^ evaluation ^ resolution

(Adapted from Martin, 1992: Santosa, 2011)

As stated above, editorial is categorized as exposition genre. Exposition

genre itself is divided into analytical exposition and hortatory exposition.

Analytical exposition is applied to persuade the reader or listener that something

is the case. Its generic structure is thesis^arguments^summing up. Besides,

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hortatory exposition is applied to persuade the reader or listener that something

should or should not be the case. Its generic structure is

thesis^arguments^recommendation.

The lexicogrmatical structure of analytical exposition is focused on generic

human and on-human participants delivered in simple present tense. Analytical

exposition represents relational process, conjunction or nominalization, internal

conjunction to state argument, and reasoning through causal. Besides, hortatory

exposition is also focused on generic human and non-human participant in simple

present tense. Hortatory exposition represents mental process, material process,

relational process to state what ought or not ought to happen.