Chapter Five

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MALE CIRCUMCISIONMALE CIRCUMCISION

Sex HormonesFunctions of sex hormones include:Sex hormones are produced from several

endocrine glands: Hypothalamus produces hormones that control

what the pituitary releases (releasing and inhibiting hormones)

Pituitary gland produces LH and FSH Adrenal (cortex) produces androgens Testes produce testosterone Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone

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Determined by the fertilizing sperm at the time of conception Conception - combining of 23 pairs of

chromosomes Of the 23 pairs, one pair are called sex

chromosomes Eggs carry an X sex chromosome Sperm can carry either an X or Y sex

chromosome XX provides the blueprint to produce a

female; XY provides the blueprint to produce a male (biological sex)

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Physical changes begins around 8-13 with breast development and rapid body growth between 9 and 15.

The 4 Phases of the Menstrual Cycle Menses

Days 1-5Estrogenic phase

Days 6-13Ovulation phase

Day 14Progestational phase

Days 15-27

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Dysmenorrhea ICramps, bloating, nausea associated with the

menstrual cycle Premenstrual Tension (PT) Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

Pharmacological treatment Lifestyle changes to reduce symptoms

Limit salt intake Exercise Don’t use alcohol or tobacco Eat a nutritious diet Relax

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Begins about 10 or 11 years old Normally occurs 2 years later than girls Physical changes

Testicular growthPenis growthPubic hair growthVoice deepens Increase in height

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Four phases typically characterize the sexual response cycle:1.Excitement phase2.Plateau phase3.Orgasmic phase

Refractory period in males

4.Resolution phase

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10 – 30 seconds after stimuli = vaginal lubrication

Tenting = body of the uterus begins to ascend

Clitoris enlarges & labia minora swell

Continued tenting

Vaginal walls swell

Upper part of vagina expands

Contractions in uterus

Strong muscular contractions in vagina

If no effective stimuli is present system returns to normal

Uterus lowersVagina returns to normal size etc.

Vasocongestion causes erection of penis

Skin of scrotum tenses and causes testes to elevate

Pre-ejaculatory emission from Cowper’s gland

Prostate gland, glans and testes enlarge

Contractions in penis, urethra, vas deferens,

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, cause semen to be

expelled

Vasocongestion ebbs

System returns to normal

WomenMenopause = Ovaries

gradually cease functioningDecreasing estrogen levels Increased risk of disease

MenGradual decrease of

testosteroneLoss of energy/sex

drive/stamina

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Biological conditions affecting women:

VaginitisVaginismusEndometriosisPelvic Inflammatory Disease

(PID)50-75% of PID cases are

caused by STDs

Biological conditions affecting men:

Prostatitis (acute vs. chronic)Testicular cancer

Most common in men in their twenties and thirties

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Common sexual dysfunctionsMen –

Erectile dysfunction Premature ejaculation Delayed ejaculation

Women – orgasmic dysfunction

TreatmentPhysical examinationPharmaceutical Relaxation and massage techniques

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Gender Roles and Gender IdentityGender Role:Gender Identity:Biological Sex and gender identity don’t always

match; may cause a person to question their sexuality

Transexuals, transgender, transvestites, etc.

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