Chapter 5, dealing with cultural aspects of routes, is one of the more trying. As with religion, none doubts the radically fundamental role of routes of movement and com- munication in the formation and maintenance of cultures. But, again, portrayal is inadequate. Simple existence of routes, generalized indications of "connections," sug- gested avenues of diffusion and migration, and local road patterns must be surmounted in some kind of graphic treatment of the role of the route in culture and in our culture areas.

From a parallel approach, any regions that we define--whether culture areas, settlement regions, or whatever--must be accountable to accurately reconstructed routes. Cultural regions that do not cor- respond to function•route nets must be counted suspect. Further, the relevant route net chNnges with time and with the functional aspects of the other phenomena studied.

(500)

100 200

ACADIAN •'•A G RATI ON S

I00 200

km

ACADIAN MIGRATIONS ,•//i G R+• 7"10 +•¢S A CA DIE?/PJE5

1758-1762

o A T O N S

17•3-1767

Scale 30 North Lat.

600 1200

km

Santo Domingo

Canseau

100 200

ACADIAN M•GRATIONS

•-1767

FRENCH CANADIANS IN SOUTHERN MAINE •Primary source area •}Z:i:ii;[i'i•?.:. Secondaq,, source :ii[•[!•i[[ili•[i•:Other important source areas Major railroad lines serving migrants to Maine •_ 2.0 4,0 • Mi•es

0 •O 100 Kdometers

73 72

•'ackman MAINE

VERMONT NEW

HAMPSHIRE

Watem, ill

Santo Domingo Scale 300 North Lat.

600 IZO0

|nde

Fort Smith

32 o•

Vicksburg

Fzc. 5. United States government explorations for Pacific railroad routes, 1853-58. The routes were designated by reference to a particular parallel or parallels. The exploration of the 38th Parallel route ended when the leader of the exploration party was killed by Indians in Utah. All other routes were desioC•nated as practicable.

F•c. 6. interregional railroad connections com- pared with a schematic pattern of direct links among alt s•x regions of the West.

Fro. 8. Early stage of the high•vay network, 199.6, and federal interstate highway system, 1971.

F'E. RRITORY '•

l •'l 4oi. vk •

FIG. I. Extent of lhe railroad network'in'l(ocky Monntain and Pacific (:oust staie• in lSSt), major constriiction, 1880-188a,

C HURCHILL <<-j L. E FR

CARSON & COLORADO "•-- ORIGINAL LINE

LATER CONSTRUCTION SOUTHERN PACIFIC & SUBSIDIARIES

'• BUILT BEFOR• 1880 •-•UILT AFTER 1880 VIRGINIA &TRUCKEE

BUILT BEFORE 1880 BUILT AF TER 1080

•GDIE RAILWAY & LUMBER CO. 1881

NEVADA CENTRAL--1880

OTHER RAIL ROAD3--ALL BUILT AFTER 1880 N.C.O. NEVADA-CAL,FOR NiA- OREGON N.C.B. ;'JEVADA COPPER BELT T&G TONOPAH &GOLDFIELD LM&T. LAB VEGAS & TONOPAH •.&G. BULLFROG & GOLDFIELI:)

Y o

Belmont

IPinimint

I:iG, 2. Cal-•on lind Co|oF•do R•ilroad ;lnd other railroadB in weft-central •evacla and the O'iv0ns •,,.ley region of California (Cf. Fig. 1).

5 2.1

iq2,

q

R A D

FIO. 2.

0 SO I00 MILES

Old Emigrant Road in Wyoming and Southea•m Idaho.

iDENVER

TRANS- MONTANE ROUTF'•S I_.•N COLO, RA9 9

HIGHWAY5 STA NDARi:) GAUGE NARROW GAUGE RR PAS.•KS

ELEVATIONS ABOVE, II,00O FEET

PASSES ASSOC•.A_TE__.D WIT___•H ROUTES. LOCATE,__• B_.Y NUM9ER.__•S

•::GUR:': 1.--The intimate relation between the passes and the ca:ed. traus-montane routes is clearly indi- Passes i•ave ever determined the •vays of man's migrations through mountain regions.

l;muRI• 5.--Traveling on foot or by packtrain the forelopers of empire--the scouts, the trappers, the miners, the pioneers--sought the mountain passes to enter new Indian country; to exploit new beaver ponds and meadows; to pan new placer deposits or to blast new mo£hdi- lodes; and to pasture new meadows or to fell new forests.

B c-<z::>c,-o n Iq'$

tct3

(F'ronhlin)

o,.. ,=o eo --• CHISUM BWTTERF'IELD STAGE ROUTE

milel SANTA FE

• ...... J --N-- MILITARY" WAGON ROADS H S T O R C 3" R A L.S | OLD SPANISH rRA/L 1 COMANCHERO CARrROADS • SANTA F'E TRAIL CATTLE TRAILS,IEI66.=IEtRO EC,• c•nrc., H•$$• .Ic15•

.o 4o •o

4O °

.FT. LEAVENWORTH-FT, KEARNEY

E.FT. HARKER-FT, HAYS •.FT. LARNED-FT, LEAVENWORTH

1C,FT, HARKER-FT. ZARAH TRAIL

FORTS AND

Wallace

Adobq Walls

MILITARY ROADS 11. FT. LARNED- FT. HAYS "12.FT. HAYS-FT. DODGE TRAIL 13.FT. HAYS- FT. WALLACE 14.FT. LYON-•:T. WALLACE TRAIL 15.T0 SANTA FE TRAIL i6,FT, DODG• TO ADOBE WALLS

MILITARY

®Ft.Sill

ROADS

MILITARY ROADS 17, FT. DODGE-CAMP SUPPLy 18.1=T, HARKER-FT. GIBSON

AFTER 182,7

1050 I00 °

,adlson

0 I00

SCALE

t. Osage

.Gib'•son

IFt.Smith

•:t.Tow•on

SANTA FE TRAIL ,MILITARY ROADS OREGON TRAIL

200 300

IN oMI LES 9•5

OW MolltezumQ

Safan•Q

NekomQ

Pawn(

kA_W__Nq E E

COMANCHE.

CHEYENNE

Duquoin

Rapids

Falls

•Toronto

Ch io(•pe

Geudo

CHAUTAUQUA •Wauneta Peru

utauquo•

Oswego

Chefop• CHEROKEE

kee

INDIAN NAMES IN KANSAS 0 I0 20 30 40 50

FIG. 1.--The Princcton area showiug the relations of the area to) the rai!-

road pattern, streams, and woods. I. ]3o•.imla;y of the arca. 2. Original woods. 3. Area oi7 orig'inai settlements. T.hc township squares are six miles on a side.

Key go Map o/" ODio Canals: I, Muskingum lmprovelnent; H, Granville .,laAc,t ....

kVaihond.h•:f Branch; .)•, (:Oittnlbt!S Branch; Y, lIocking Branch: VI, Warren Coun{y l•randh: YH, Sidney Branch; VIII, Wabash and Erie C:mal; IX, Ch•cinnati aml Whitewater Canal:X, Sandy nnd Beaver Cared; X[, Pennsylv:lnia aml Ohio Canal; II. 1, (]rand lleservoir; 1•. 2. },ewislon lIeservoir; It. 3, Loranlie lleservoir• l/. ,i, lacking Ileservoir; IL 5, Portage ileservoir; !L 6, Six-Mile Ileservoir.

cay q Z

TRANSPORTATION,. 1880. Hea,)y lines---earml• Fine line•=-r•ilmada. AGRICULTURE, 1860 (Insert). Each dot•25,000

acre• of improved land.

-'• I•NTUCKY

TENNESSEE • NoRrI2-1 CAROI2NA

sOUTH CAROIXNA

MISS, ISSIPPI

MAP NUh-IBER 1.• R, EMOVAL OF THE FIVE TRIBES

Mi@RAT•ONS &

'• 83 0"s

COLONIZATION; •

1860

• F, rt Nichols

Can

Old Fort Arbuckh

Fort Ba,•vm Fort Dodge Militard Road

Camp Supply Road

Camp Supply Fort Sill Militory • Camp Supply Fort Reno ,•fih'tary Rvad

Fort Sill Fort Tow•on Military Road

Fort Gibnon Fort &nith Militory Road

Fort •nith Fort Tow•on Military Road

Little Rock Fort Towson Road

Fort Sill Fort •¢nith Military Ib.•d

Fort Cobb

Camp Mason ForL Holmes

17ol

Camp Radziminski V

Fort

54AP NUMBER 2 4 --FORTS AND h•fILITARY ROADS-• t817_1876

Fort Gib•on

6

p CO

PROVENCAL

FISHER-VICTORIA TRAM SYSTEM SABINE AND NATCHITOCHE$ PARISHES

•920

I•:. 9. A map of an extensive tram system copied from an original kept for many years by a logging •" ri,tendent working in the area.

ALLEN PARISH

WESTERN LOUISIANA LOGGING TRAM PATTERNS

Fzo. 10. Examples of contrasting tram patterns which reflect variations in topography. aerial photographs. Taken

TRADING CONNECTIONS of the SHENANDOAH VALLEY by 1760

Shenandoah Valley Towns Regular Connections infrequent Connections intermediary Connect'|ons

•-Maln Sea Routes •Maln Roads -•-• Mo n Trails

FredeH cksbut

Willi,

Phll

TRADING CONNECTIONS of the SHENANDOAH VALLEY by 1800

•Ma•n Roads ,•i• Main Sea Routes • •.'•• Shenandoah Valley Tow•ns

H Harrisonburg L Lexington

w W,•r ,.• wk Wo•to•k

Infrequent Connections Backcount• Tow-. /4••

BS Berkeley S rings •:-

WSS- White Sulphur

IAFERRO "•

E

120

NORTHERN PART OF THE

SUSQUEHANNA

"BOTTOMS"

TOW•kNDA

NEW JERSEY

M©•IS CANAk

Early Roads and Routes across New York.

K• • •'l."n•ra

•i• #

ports on Canals, ]•aih-o:tds, and Telegraphs, xe63-•STx; Firs* Auroral Report Internal Commerce of U. S., •876; :kndrcws: Colonial cud 1rake Trade. Tanner: Canals and ]¢ailroads, U. S., Ig4o.

PENNSYLVANIA WATERWI•Y SYSTEM] MAIN ELEMENTS,

c. 185o /. Erie-....•

•a•i•a•l• rivers

i Canals and canalized rivers

• Main railroad connector•

0 I00

miles

Fio. 9. Bellefonte's location at the end of a main canal spur briefly made the town the trade center for much of central Pennsylvania's most produotive coun- try. (Sources: Dunaway, op. cit., footnote 22, p. 679; and R. E. and Marion Murphy, Pennsylvania: A Regional Geography, Harrisburg: The Pennsylvania Book Service, 1937, p. 120.)