chapter 9 power point

© Cengage Learning 2016© Cengage Learning 2016

An Invitation to Health: Building Your Future, Brief Edition, 9eDianne Hales

Reproductive Choices

9

© Cengage Learning 2016

After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:

• Describe the process of conception

• Review the reasons for practicing abstinence and nonpenetrative sex

• Summarize the methods, benefits, risks, and use of contraception

• Explain the major types of barrier contraceptives

Objectives


• Review the types of hormonal contraceptives

• Describe the fertility awareness methods

• Discuss the incidence and usage of emergency contraception

• Explain male and female sterilization

• Outline several reasons some individuals and couples choose not to have children

Objectives (cont’d.)


• Discuss the options available when faced with an unwanted pregnancy

• Compare medical and surgical abortion

• Summarize preconception care, home pregnancy tests, prenatal care, and complications of pregnancy

• Identify the stages of childbirth

• Discuss the causes of infertility and the options available to infertile couples

Objectives (cont’d.)


• Creation of sperm begins in males at puberty– Production regulated by hormones

– Sperm form in the seminiferous tubules in the testes

• Stored in the epididymis until ejaculation

• Women are born with their lifetime supply of ova– Between 300 and 500 eggs eventually mature

Conception


• Sperm travels through vagina to uterus and up the fallopian tubes

• Sperm can survive for two to five days in the female reproductive tract– Unfertilized egg lives 24 to 36 hours

• Sperm must penetrate ovum’s outer membrane to fertilize the egg

• Fertilized egg divides to form a blastocyst– Implants into lining of the woman’s uterus

Process of Conception


• Contraception– Method designed to prevent conception

• Practicing abstinence– 100% effective birth control method

• Outercourse– Pregnancy still possible if ejaculation occurs

near vaginal opening

Abstinence and Nonpenetrative Sexual Activity


• Survey: about 57 percent of college students report using contraception

• Failure rate of a contraception method– Number of pregnancies occurring per year for

every 100 women

• Withdrawal of penis before ejaculation– Not a reliable method

• Some medical conditions can pose risk with certain contraception methods

Contraception


• Condoms– Provide some protection against HIV and STIs

– No side effects

– Non-prescription

• Female condom– Considered as good as male condom for

preventing infection

• Contraceptive sponge– Blocks entrance to the uterus

Barrier Contraceptives


• Vaginal spermicides and film– Some made for use with a diaphragm

• Diaphragm– Rubber cup inserted to cover the cervix

– Obtained by prescription

– Available in various sizes

– Used with spermicide

• Cervical cap

• Femcap

Additional Barrier Contraceptives


• Oral contraceptives (“the pill”)– Popular method with those under age 30

– Combination oral contraceptives• Contain two hormones

• May be monophasic or multiphasic

– Progestin-only pills

– Extended use pills• Lybrel suppresses monthly periods

Hormonal Contraceptives


• Contraceptive patch

• Contraceptive vaginal ring

• Intrauterine device (IUD)

• Contraceptive injection– Must be given every 12 weeks

• Contraceptive implants– Provide effective birth control for up to three

years

Additional Hormonal Contraceptives


• Rhythm method– Also called calendar method

– Identifies “safe” days of a woman’s individual menstrual cycle

• Basal body temperature method– Identifies day of ovulation based on changes

in basal (resting) body temperature

• Cervical mucus method– Identifies ovulation by changes in mucus

consistency

Fertility Awareness Methods


• Contraception method used after unprotected intercourse– Or after failure of another method

• Condom breaking or coming off

– Available without a prescription

– Uses hormones to delay or inhibit ovulation, block fertilization or implantation

• Use has doubled recently among young women ages 20 to 24

Emergency Contraception


• Vasectomy– Male sterilization

– Performed in a doctor’s office in about 20 minutes

– Doctor cuts and ties off ends of each vas deferens to block flow of sperm

• Tubal ligation or tubal occlusion– Female sterilization

– Can be done with laparoscopy

Sterilization


• Reasons for choosing not to bear children– More freedom and time with partner

– Career advancement

– Concern about overpopulation of Earth

– Concerns about hostile work environment for mothers

– Realizing you “can’t have it all”• Deliberately choosing what’s important to them

Childfree By Choice


• Giving up child for adoption– Option for women who feel abortion is not

right for them

– Number of waiting adoptive parents greatly exceeds number of newborns

• Adoption reform– Mandatory counseling

– Extending time period a mother can change her mind about giving up her child

Unwanted Pregnancy


• About two-thirds of abortions are performed within eight weeks of pregnancy

• Medical abortion– Using drugs to terminate a pregnancy

• Suction curettage– Laminaria used to stretch the cervix

– Vacuum system draws contents out of uterus

Abortion


• Some typical emotions– Relief, sadness, guilt

• Victims of violence have more anxiety following an abortion

• Abortion is a very controversial ethical and political issue– Abortion legalized in some states in the 1960s

– 1973: Roe v. Wade decision legalized nationally

The Psychological Impact of Abortion


• Preconception care– Risk assessment and nutrition

• Prenatal care– Healthy diet

– Exercise

– Avoid smoking, alcohol, and drugs

• 40 weeks of pregnancy divided into three trimesters– Many bodily changes in mother and baby

Pregnancy


• Labor– Begins with cervical effacement (thinning) and

dilation

– Contractions progress from light and infrequent to very strong and frequent

– Baby’s head usually emerges first

• Caesarean Birth– Surgical delivery

– Baby lifted out through abdominal incision

Childbirth


• Failure to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse

• Assisted reproductive technology– Artificial insemination

– In vitro fertilization• Occurs in a laboratory dish

– Birth rate of multiples increases

Infertility

chapter 9 power point

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