Chapter 9: Development: The Cultural Landscape- An Introduction to Human

Geography

Chapter 9: Development: Introduction

First half of the book focused on global demographics and cultural patterns

The second half focuses on fundamental economic elements of Human Geography

Development: The process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology

More developed countries (MDCs) AKA developed countries

Lesser developed countries (LDCs) AKA emerging or developing countries

First geographic task: Discover where LDCs and MDCs are located

Essential Question: Why are some regions more developed than others?

Key Issue 1:Why Does Development Vary

Between Countries?

ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT

Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?

The Human Development Index (HDI) Created by the United Nations

Four factors used to assess a country’s level of development: Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education Demographic = (4) life expectancy

The four factors are combined to produce a country’s HDI. The highest HDI is 1.0 or 100% The highest ranking countries are typically in Europe

Recently the highest ranked is Norway: 0.97 (2009) Thirty of the lowest ranked are in sub-Saharan Africa

The lowest ranked is Niger: 0.340 (2009)

Human Development Index

Figure 9-1

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Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?

Economic indicators of development

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita GDP: total output of goods and services produced by a country in a normal year Dividing the GDP by the total population measures the contribution of the

average individual toward generating a country’s wealth in a year Other economic indicators are: Types of jobs:

Primary (including agricultural)Extract materials from the earth: agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry

Secondary (including manufacturing)Workers transform and assemble raw material s into useful products

Tertiary (including services)Provision of goods and services in exchange for payment: banking, law,

education, government Productivity:

-The value of a product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it-Workers in MDC produce more with less effort because of access to

machines, tools, and equipment Consumer Goods:

-Wealth generated in MDCs is used to purchase goods and services- Especially important: Goods related to communications (telephones and

computers) and transportation (motor vehicles)

Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons

Figure 9-4

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Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?

Social indicators of development Education and Literacy, Health and Welfare

MDCs use part of their wealth to provide schools, hospitals and welfare services

As a result people are better educated, healthier, and better protected from hardships

Infants are more likely to survive and adults are more likely to live longer Education and Literacy

2 measures collected: Student/Teacher ration and Literacy Rate Student Teacher ration: for Primary Grades, over 30 for LDCs and less than

20 for MDCs More likely to receive individual attention

Literacy Rate: People in a country who can read and write Exceeds 98 % in MDCs and less than 60% for LDCs

Health and Welfare MDCs: part of their wealth pays for people who can’t care for themselves In most MDCs health care is a public service available at little or no cost

MDCs: Most governments pay more than 70% of health care (USA is the exception)

LDCs: Private individuals pay for more than half Health of a population is influenced by diet

On average, people in MDCs receive more calories and protein than they need

People in LDCs receive less than they need.

Students Per Teacher, Primary School

Figure 9-6

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?

Demographic indicators of development

MDCs display demographic differences from LDCs. The UN’s HDI uses Life Expectancy as a measure of development Characteristics from Chapter 2 distinguish between more and less developed

nationsLife Expectancy

Chapter 2: defined as the average number of years a newborn can expect to live LDCs: Babies can expect to live into their 60s; MDCs: into their 70s

With longer life, MDCs have a higher rate of older people This equates to more retired people on public support

LDCs have 6 times as many young people as oldInfant Mortality Rate

MDCs: better health and welfare permit more babies to survive infancy MDCs: 99.5 % survive, less than ½ of 1% perish

LDCs: Infant mortality rate is greater LDCs: 94% survive, 6 percent perish

Malnutrition, lack of medicine needed to survive illness (dehydration from diarrhea)

Natural Increase Rate Natural increase of the population

LDCs: 1.5 %; MDCs: 0.2 % Increases need for services that make people healthy and more productive

Crude Birth Rate LDCs: 23 per 1,000; MDCs: 12 per 1,000

Key Issue 2:Where are MDCs and LDCs

Distributed?

Key Issue 2:Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?

More developed regions North America= HDI 0.95 Europe= HDI 0.93 Other= Russia: HDI 0.73, Japan: HDI 0.96, Oceania: HDI

0.90

Less developed regions Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs= HDI 0.82 Southwest Asia and North Africa = HDI 0.74 Southeast Asia = HDI: 0.73 Central Asia = HDI: 0.70 South Asia = HDI 0.61 Sub-Saharan Africa= HDI: 0.51

Key Issue 3:Where Does Level of Development

Vary by Gender?

GENDER-RELATED DEVELOPMENT INDEX GENDER EMPOWERMENT

Key Issue 3: Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?

Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Compares the level of women’s development with

that of both sexes Four measures (similar to HDI):

Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes

Number of females enrolled in school compared to the number of males

Percent of literate females to literate males Life expectancy of females to males

Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)

Figure 9-17

Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy

Figure 9-21

Key Issue 3: Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Compares the decision-making capabilities of men

and women in politics and economics Uses economic and political indicators:

Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes

Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by women

Percentage of administrative jobs held by women Percentage of women holding national office

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

Figure 9-22

Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals

Figure 9-23

Progress Toward Development

Figure 9-26

Key Issue 4:Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to

Development?

DEVELOPMENT THROUGH SELF-SUFFICIENCY DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE APPROACH TRIUMPHS FINANCING DEVELOPMENT FAIR TRADE

To reduce differences between rich and poor countries LDCs must develop more rapidly by increasing per capita GDP

To promote development, LDCs choose one of two models to follow: One emphasis international trade, the other self sufficiency

Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?

Development through self-sufficiency A country should spread investments equally across all

sectors of their economy and in all regions If this occurs the following Characteristics should be

evident: Pace of development = modest Distribution of development = even Barriers are established to protect local business by

isolating them from international corporations Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas,

and (3) restricting the number of importers Two major problems with this approach:

Inefficient businesses are protected A large bureaucracy is developed

Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?

Development through international trade calls for a country to identify its distinctive or unique economic assets

Rostow’s model of development(1950s) All countries fall somewhere in five stages; MDCs: stage 4 or 5, LDCs: stage 1, 2 , or 3. The assumption is LDCs will achieve development; MDCs passed through all stages at

one time Five stage model of development

1. Traditional Society: Not yet started to develop, high percentage of people involved in agriculture, national wealth allocated to military and religion

2. Preconditions for Take-off: an elite group initiates development through investing in new technology and infrastructure; an increase of productivity is the result

3. The Take-off: Rapid growth begins in a limited number of economic activities. Other societal sectors remain traditional

4. The drive to maturity: Modern technology diffuses to wide variety of industries promoting rapid growth. Workers become skilled and specialized.

5. The age of mass-consumption: the economy shifts from production of heavy industry to consumer goods

Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?

Development through international trade Most developing countries follow self sufficiency approach

Examples of international trade approach (mid 20th Century) The “four Asian dragons” (four little tigers, the gang of four)

South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, then British colony of Hong Kong• Singapore and Hong Kong had no natural resources• South Korea and Taiwan followed Japan’s lead in trade• Concentrated on trade of manufactured goods (clothing and

electronics) Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states

Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, and the UAE• Once among the least developed countries, transformed over night

into some of the wealthiest due to oil resources

Three major problems: Uneven resource distribution: Increased dependence on MDCs Market decline

Key Issue 4:Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?

International trade approach triumphs The path most commonly selected by the end of the twentieth

century Countries convert because evidence indicates that international

trade is the more effective path toward development Trade has increased more rapidly than wealth as a result of the importance of the

international trade approach

Example: India• Foreign factories set up shop in India• Tariffs on import/export were reduced or eliminated• Monopolies were eliminated on communications and insurance• Competition has increase the products coming out of India

World Trade Organization (WTO) Through the WTO, countries work to eliminate trade restrictions on goods

• They also work to eliminate restrictions on the movement of money by individuals and corporations

The WTO also works to keep trade agreements

Foreign direct investment (FDI) An investment of money by one country in another country

Most investments go between MDCs

Triumph of International Trade Approach

Figure 9-27 Figure 9-28

Foreign Direct Investment

Figure 9-30

Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?

Financing development LDCs obtain money from MDCs to fund development

Two sources of funds: Loans

• The World Bank includes International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA): provides loans for countries to reform government and legal institutions

• IMF: Provides loans experiencing payment problems Foreign direct investment from transnational corporations Structural adjustment programs: Provide cancelation and

restructuring of loans with out penaties

Debt as a Percentage of Income

Figure 9-31

Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?

Fair trade approach Products are made and traded in a way that protects

workers and small businesses in LDCs Two sets of standards

Fair trade producer standards Fair trade worker standards

Producers and workers usually earn more Consumers usually pay higher prices

Core and Periphery Model

Figure 9-32

The End.

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