chapter 9
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Chapter 9. Who’s the Father of Modern Genetics ?. Gregor Mendel!. 1843: Austrian monastery Job = gardening 1851: University of Vienna Studied math and science Statistics!!!. What did Mendel Experiment with?. What plant? What about these plants? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 9
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Who’s the Who’s the Father of Modern Genetics??• 1843:
– Austrian monastery• Job =
– gardening
• 1851: – University of Vienna– Studied math and
science• Statistics!!!
Gregor Mendel!Gregor Mendel!
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What did Mendel Experiment with?What did Mendel Experiment with?
• What plant?
• What about these plants?– Characteristics- heritable feature– Traits- genetically determined variant of a
characteristic
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Characteristics and TraitsCharacteristics and Traits
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Mendel’s ObservationsMendel’s Observations• Seeds from purple flowers produce...• Seeds from white flowers produce...• Seeds from tall plants...• Seeds from short pants...• This always true?
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3 Steps of Mendel’s Experiments3 Steps of Mendel’s Experiments
1.1.
P: P:
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Self PollinationSelf Pollination
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2.2.
F1:F1:
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Cross Cross Pollination Pollination
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3.3.
F2: F2: Ratio of offspring:Ratio of offspring:
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P generationP generation
FF1 1 Generation Generation
FF2 2 Generation Generation
Statistics 3 of 4 are purple Statistics 3 of 4 are purple
Cross-pollinationCross-pollination
Self-pollinationSelf-pollination
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Mendel’s Experiments Mendel’s Experiments Continue...Continue...
• 100s of times100s of times• Lots of other traitsLots of other traits• All the same results!!All the same results!!• 3:1 phenotypic ratio3:1 phenotypic ratio
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Mendel’s ConclusionsMendel’s Conclusions• What did he conclude?
– Something in the plant was a controlling factorSomething in the plant was a controlling factor
• What Did Mendel Hypothesize About Passing Traits?– Each trait independently controlledEach trait independently controlled
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Review of His ResultsReview of His Results
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RecessiveRecessive vs. vs. DominantDominant• ““Masked” when Masked” when
dominant presentdominant present AA, AaAA, Aa
• Expressed if no Expressed if no dominant presentdominant present aaaa
• Expressed if present Expressed if present at allat all
AA, AaAA, Aa
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What are YOU?What are YOU?Class Ratios:
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Conclusions: LAWSConclusions: LAWS• Law of segregation
– Pair of factors are separated during production of gametes.
• Why/How?– Online Animation!
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Conclusions: LAWSConclusions: LAWS• Crossed plants w/2 different
characteristics (flower color, seed color)– Offspring showed traits from dominant
factors of each
• Law of Independent assortment– characteristics are inherited independent
of each other– Another Great Animation!
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Pp
Yy
PY
Py
pY
pyPurple flower
Yellow seedPurple flowerGreen seed
White flowerYellow seed
White flowerGreen seed
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Pair Share!
• 1st person: explain the Law of Segregation
• 2nd person: explain the Law of Independent Assortment
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9.2 Part A
GENETIC CROSSES
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Support for Mendel’s Conclusions Support for Mendel’s Conclusions
Molecular GeneticsMolecular GeneticsStudy of structure and function of genes Study of structure and function of genes
and chromosomesand chromosomes““Factors” are now called Factors” are now called ALLELESALLELES!!
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Gene vs. AlleleGene vs. AllelePiece of DNATranscribed
proteinsSeveral on each
chromosome
Variants of genes Represented by letters
Symbols: Dom (capital)/Rec (small)
Flower color: P and pDom means...
Rec means...
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Genome?
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GENOTYPE AND GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE?PHENOTYPE?Genotype? Ex:
Phenotype? Ex:
Allele P p
P PP Pp
p Pp pp
Purple Purple WhiteWhite
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Can different genotypes show the same phenotype?
Genotype Phenotype Genetic makeup of an organism
Visible appearance
Alleles inherited from parents
Environment may have an effect on phenotype
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Homozygous and Homozygous and HeterozygousHeterozygous
Refer to genotypic or phenotypic?
Homozygous Both alleles are SAME AA or aa
Heterozygous Alleles are DIFFERENT Aa
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What’s PROBABILITY?What’s PROBABILITY? Likelihood of something happening Percent, decimal or fraction
Probability =
# of times could happen
# of times expected
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PROBABILITY PRACTICEPROBABILITY PRACTICE1000 plants
700 terminal flowers300 axial flowers
What is the probability that the next plant will have terminal flowers?
Axial? =
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What’s a MONOHYBRID CROSS? Only one characteristic is tracked Produces a mono-hybrid
AA x aa Aa
What’s a Punnett Square? Diagram used to predict probabilities of
inherited traits in offspring
Allele A a
A
a
eggs
sper
m
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6 types of monohybrid crosses:
Homozygous x Homozygous
Homozygous x Heterozygous
Heterozygous x Heterozygous
Testcross
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
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Allele
Homozygous dom x Hom rec
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Homozygous Dom x Homozygous Rec
What genotypes?
Probability of Purple Flowers?
Probability of Heterozygous?
Remember Mendel’s Experiment?
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Heterozygous x HeterozygousAllele
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Heterozygous x Heterozygous Black coated bunnies (brown is
recessive) What genotypes?
Probability for Black?
Homozygous?
Heterozygous?
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Homozygous Dominant x Heterozygous
Allele
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Hom. Dom. x Heterozygous
Black guinea pigs (dom), brown (rec)
What genotypes?
Probability for Black?
Homozygous?
Heterozygous?
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Testcross: animation What genotype do you test it with? Hom recessive x Unknown genotype
You are Given a Black Guinea pig. How do you determine the Genotype?
If you end up with three black guinea pigs and one brown what was the genotype of the unknown guinea pig?
Allele
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REVIEWREVIEW
Homozygous?Homozygous? Heterozygous?Heterozygous? Genotype?Genotype? Phenotype?Phenotype? Testcross?Testcross? Dominant?Dominant? Recessive?Recessive?
Practice w/monohybrid punnett squaresPractice w/monohybrid punnett squares Square activitySquare activity
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OPENER, Wed. 12/2OPENER, Wed. 12/2You’re TURNING THIS IN, in 7 minutes!!Use “D” and “d” for the alleles, make a punnett square for each:
D = Dodo Head d = Wiz Kid1. Purebred Dodo Head x Wiz kid2. Heterozygous x Wiz kid3. Hybrid Dodo Head x Homozygous Dodo Head Then, for each scenario, find the probability of:
a. Dodo Heads?b. Wiz Kids?c. Purebred Dodo Headsd. Heterozygous offspring
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OPENER, Wed. 12/2OPENER, Wed. 12/2 You’re TURNING THIS IN, in 7 minutes!! Use “D” and “d” for the alleles, make a
punnett square for each:D = Dodo Head d = Wiz Kid
1. Purebred Dodo Head x Wiz kid
2. Heterozygous x Wiz kid
3. Hybrid Dodo Head x Homozygous Dodo Head
Then, for each scenario, find the probability of:
a. Dodo Heads?
b. Wiz Kids?
c. Purebred Dodo Heads
d. Heterozygous offspring
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OPENER, Wed. 12/2OPENER, Wed. 12/2 You’re TURNING THIS IN, in 7 minutes!! Use “D” and “d” for the alleles, make a
punnett square for each:D = Dodo Head d = Wiz Kid
1. Purebred Dodo Head x Wiz kid
2. Heterozygous x Wiz kid
3. Hybrid Dodo Head x Homozygous Dodo Head
Then, for each scenario, find the probability of:
a. Dodo Heads?
b. Wiz Kids?
c. Purebred Dodo Heads
d. Heterozygous offspring
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OPENER, Wed. 12/2OPENER, Wed. 12/2 You’re TURNING THIS IN, in 7 minutes!! Use “D” and “d” for the alleles, make a
punnett square for each:D = Dodo Head d = Wiz Kid
1. Purebred Dodo Head x Wiz kid
2. Heterozygous x Wiz kid
3. Hybrid Dodo Head x Homozygous Dodo Head
Then, for each scenario, find the probability of:
a. Dodo Heads?
b. Wiz Kids?
c. Purebred Dodo Heads
d. Heterozygous offspring
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Monohybrid Cross LabMonohybrid Cross Lab
Alleles, gametes, genotypes, phenotypes, Alleles, gametes, genotypes, phenotypes, Punnett Squares, & probabilitiesPunnett Squares, & probabilities
Write your Write your BAG #sBAG #s on your data sheet! on your data sheet!
COUNT all of your pieces before you beginCOUNT all of your pieces before you begin
You’re drawing from the bags FORTY times You’re drawing from the bags FORTY times today...get going! Follow the directions today...get going! Follow the directions CAREFULLYCAREFULLY!!
We’ll finish up after the lab with more We’ll finish up after the lab with more examples.examples.
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Group #
(Bag #)# BB # Bb # bb
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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HomeworkHomework::Earth Force Assignment
Family History—Health Surveys
And...book:
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9.2 B MORE Genetic Crosses
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Some Weirdo Stuff!Incomplete dominance
CodominanceMultiple allelesPolygenic traits
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Inheritance Patterns:
Yesterday: Complete Dominance
One allele completely masks the other Homozygous Dominant & Heterozygous are
indistinguishable
Incomplete Dominance Phenotype of heterozygote is in between
dominant and recessive
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Incomplete Dominance Example
Red Flowering four o’ clocks or snapdragons
Reds self pollinate and produce only reds Whites = whites
Cross pollination?
PINK!!!PINK!!!Genotypes:Genotypes:
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Punnett square for two Pink flowers
How many Reds? Pinks? Whites?
What is the phenotypic ratio for red:pink:white
Genotypic ratio?
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Codominance Both alleles expressed in heterozygotes
Alleles are not “dominant & recessive” Do not blend either
What does the heterozygous phenotype look like?
Example: AB Blood type
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Blood TypesMultiple Alleles:
A, B, i (O)Genotypes:
Phenotypes:
Codominance:A & BNeither is dominant or recessive!!!Show both traits A and B
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If Mom is type AB and Dad is type O, what are the probabilities of the offspring?
Universal Recipient
Universal Donor
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Polygenic TraitsPoly =
Genic =
Ex:
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DIHYBRID CROSSES..Say What?
Two characteristics are tracked
Produces a DIHYBRID!
Let’s see....
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DIHYBRID Example!
Homozygous Dominant x homozygous recessive
Round, Yellow seeds x wrinkled, green seeds
Round/wrinkled : R, rYellow/green: Y, y
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RRYY x rryy
Genotypic ratio?
Phenotypic ratio?
What What goes goes here?here?
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Heterozygous x Heterozygous Phenotypes?
Genotypes? RrYy x RrYy
Phenotypes & ratio?
Genotypes & ratio?
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http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60166.htm
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Dihybrid Dihybrid ActivityActivity TWO sets of bags! READ CAREFULLY! DON’T mix up the bags, double check
your # in each at start and at end!
QUESTIONS on ½ sheet DUE QUESTIONS on ½ sheet DUE WEDNESDAY—EACH PERSON DOES WEDNESDAY—EACH PERSON DOES INDIVIDUALLY!INDIVIDUALLY!
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Opener, Mon. Opener, Mon. 12/112/1
I’M ALSO COLLECTING YOUR EARTH FORCE ASSIGNMENT & YOUR FAMILY HEALTH SURVEYS TODAY!
TURN THIS IN: Make a Punnett square for the following
parent genotypes: SsYy x SsYy What are the genotypic ratios? Phenotypic Ratios?
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SsYy x SsYySsYy x SsYyGenotypic ratios?Genotypic ratios?Phenotypic Ratios?Phenotypic Ratios?
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LabLab Finish your questions at home if you are Finish your questions at home if you are
not finished!not finished!
When you finish, we’ll share data so you When you finish, we’ll share data so you can answer the questions.can answer the questions.