chapter 8 the evolution of living things. sec 1: change over time

Chapter 8 The Evolution of Living Things

Sec 1: Change Over Time

Red-Eyed Tree Frog Smoky Jungle Frog Strawberry Dart- Poison Frog

Differences Among Organisms Adaptation - a hereditary characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment Adaptations can modify structures involved in: Finding food Protection Moving from one place to another Adaptation - a hereditary characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment Adaptations can modify structures involved in: Finding food Protection Moving from one place to another

Living things that share the same characteristics and adaptations may be members of the same species Species - a group of organisms that can mate with one another to produce fertile off spring i.e. All red-eyed tree frogs are members of the same species and can mate with one another Living things that share the same characteristics and adaptations may be members of the same species Species - a group of organisms that can mate with one another to produce fertile off spring i.e. All red-eyed tree frogs are members of the same species and can mate with one another

Do Species Change Over Time The Earth is estimated to be about 4.6 billion years old As the planet has change over time, so have the living things on it. Since life first appeared on Earth many species have died out and have been replaced by newer species These changes are preserved as fossil evidence. Scientists believe that newer species have descended from older ones Evolution - the process by which populations accumulate inherited changes over time The Earth is estimated to be about 4.6 billion years old As the planet has change over time, so have the living things on it. Since life first appeared on Earth many species have died out and have been replaced by newer species These changes are preserved as fossil evidence. Scientists believe that newer species have descended from older ones Evolution - the process by which populations accumulate inherited changes over time

Evidence of Evolution: The Fossil Record Evidence that living things evolve comes from many different sources Sources include fossils as well as comparisons among different organisms Fossils - the solidified remains or imprints of once-living organisms found in layers of within the Earth Fossils are usually formed when dead organisms are covered by a layer of sediment CAN YOU GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THIS COULD OCCUR? Evidence that living things evolve comes from many different sources Sources include fossils as well as comparisons among different organisms Fossils - the solidified remains or imprints of once-living organisms found in layers of within the Earth Fossils are usually formed when dead organisms are covered by a layer of sediment CAN YOU GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THIS COULD OCCUR?

Reading the Fossil Record Fossil Record - a historical sequence of life provided by fossils Supplies evidence about the order in which evolutionary changes have occurred Fossils found in the upper layers of the Earths crust tend to resemble present day organisms The deeper the fossils are found, the less they look like present-day organisms These fossils can be from organisms that are now extinct Fossil Record - a historical sequence of life provided by fossils Supplies evidence about the order in which evolutionary changes have occurred Fossils found in the upper layers of the Earths crust tend to resemble present day organisms The deeper the fossils are found, the less they look like present-day organisms These fossils can be from organisms that are now extinct

CHAPTER 8 Quiz 1a 1) ________ is a hereditary characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce 2) ________ is a group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring 3) ________ is the process by which populations accumulate inherited changes over time. 4) ________ are the solidified remains of once living organisms B) ________ structure are the remains of once useful structures 1) ________ is a hereditary characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce 2) ________ is a group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring 3) ________ is the process by which populations accumulate inherited changes over time. 4) ________ are the solidified remains of once living organisms B) ________ structure are the remains of once useful structures

Gaps in the Fossil Record Not every organism that has lived becomes a fossil Why?????????? Because the conditions to make fossils have to be perfect No oxygen, buried in fine sediment, and organisms with hard body parts fossilize easier Because of this there are gaps in the fossil record Not every organism that has lived becomes a fossil Why?????????? Because the conditions to make fossils have to be perfect No oxygen, buried in fine sediment, and organisms with hard body parts fossilize easier Because of this there are gaps in the fossil record

Evolution of the Whale Scientists believe that whales evolved from land dwelling mammals. Mesonychid - lived 55 million years ago. -Ambulocetus lived 50 million years ago and near coastal waters. Used legs and tail swim. Scientists believe that whales evolved from land dwelling mammals. Mesonychid - lived 55 million years ago. -Ambulocetus lived 50 million years ago and near coastal waters. Used legs and tail swim.

Rodhocetus lived 46 million years ago and started to more resemble modern whales, but it still had hind limbs and feet. Used only its tail when swimming `Prozeuglondon lived 40 million years ago and was well adapted to sea life. Still had small legs, but lived only in the water Rodhocetus lived 46 million years ago and started to more resemble modern whales, but it still had hind limbs and feet. Used only its tail when swimming `Prozeuglondon lived 40 million years ago and was well adapted to sea life. Still had small legs, but lived only in the water

Comparing Skeletal Structures Evolutionary scientists believe that the similarity of the bones in the front limbs of different organisms suggest that different organisms came from a common ancestor

Comparing DNA All living organisms from bacteria to humans have DNA Organisms that appear to be more similar (chimps and gorillas) have more similar DNA than organisms that do not appear as similar (Chimps and birds) All DNA in every organism contains the same four bases (guanine, cytosine, adenine, Thymine) All living organisms from bacteria to humans have DNA Organisms that appear to be more similar (chimps and gorillas) have more similar DNA than organisms that do not appear as similar (Chimps and birds) All DNA in every organism contains the same four bases (guanine, cytosine, adenine, Thymine)

Comparing Embryonic Structures

In early development human embryos and the embryos of all other vertebrates appear to similar. Scientist suggest that this is because we all came from a common ancestor In early development human embryos and the embryos of all other vertebrates appear to similar. Scientist suggest that this is because we all came from a common ancestor

Chapter 8 Quiz 1b 1) __________ are the remains of once useful structures 2) T/F Mesonychid lived 55 million years ago and lived on land and in the water 3) T/F Humans, cats, and bats have similar bone structure in their front limbs 4) T/F All vertebrates have different looking embryos B) __________is the name of the ship that Darwin sailed on 1) __________ are the remains of once useful structures 2) T/F Mesonychid lived 55 million years ago and lived on land and in the water 3) T/F Humans, cats, and bats have similar bone structure in their front limbs 4) T/F All vertebrates have different looking embryos B) __________is the name of the ship that Darwin sailed on

Section 2: How Does Evolution Happen?

The early 1800s was a time of great scientific discovery Scientists realized that the Earth was much older than they realized Scientists began to discover fossilized remains of unusual organisms Many scientists began to believe that evolution occurs, but no one had been able to explain how it occurred until. The early 1800s was a time of great scientific discovery Scientists realized that the Earth was much older than they realized Scientists began to discover fossilized remains of unusual organisms Many scientists began to believe that evolution occurs, but no one had been able to explain how it occurred until.

Charles Darwin

In 1831, 21 year old Charles Darwin just graduated college Like many college graduates Darwin did not know what he wanted to do with his life. His father wanted him to become a doctor He talked his father into allowing him to sign on for a 5 year voyage around the world on the HMS Beagle The observations made on this voyage became the foundation for his Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection In 1831, 21 year old Charles Darwin just graduated college Like many college graduates Darwin did not know what he wanted to do with his life. His father wanted him to become a doctor He talked his father into allowing him to sign on for a 5 year voyage around the world on the HMS Beagle The observations made on this voyage became the foundation for his Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Darwins Excellent Adventure As the Beagle traveled around the world Darwin collected thousands of plant and animal specimens and kept detailed notes of his observations During the journey the HMS beagle visited the Galapagos Island As the Beagle traveled around the world Darwin collected thousands of plant and animal specimens and kept detailed notes of his observations During the journey the HMS beagle visited the Galapagos Island

Darwins Finches Darwin observed that the animals and plants on the Galapagos Islands were very similar, yet not identical, to those on the South American mainland - The finches that Darwin observed where not only different from the mainland finches, but also from each other. i.e. They differed by the shape of their beaks and the type of food they ate Darwin observed that the animals and plants on the Galapagos Islands were very similar, yet not identical, to those on the South American mainland - The finches that Darwin observed where not only different from the mainland finches, but also from each other. i.e. They differed by the shape of their beaks and the type of food they ate

Darwin Learns from Farmers and Animal and Plant Breeders -During Darwins time farmers were already choosing desirable traits and breeding these organisms together -This is called selective breeding -i.e. selective breeding in dogs has led to over 150 different breeds -Darwin was impressed that farmers could control traits and make such dramatic changes in animals and plants in just a few generations -During Darwins time farmers were already choosing desirable traits and breeding these organisms together -This is called selective breeding -i.e. selective breeding in dogs has led to over 150 different breeds -Darwin was impressed that farmers could control traits and make such dramatic changes in animals and plants in just a few generations

Darwin Learned from Geologists Darwin read Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell, and learned that the Earth is much older than anyone realized and was formed by natural process that took a long period of time This was important because Darwin thought that populations of organisms changed slowly Darwin read Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell, and learned that the Earth is much older than anyone realized and was formed by natural process that took a long period of time This was important because Darwin thought that populations of organisms changed slowly

Darwin Learned from the Work of Thomas Malthus Malthus believed that humans had the potential to reproduce beyond the capacity of their food supply This led Darwin to realize that other animal species where also capable of doing this Because of starvation, disease, and predators only a limited number of offspring survive to reproduce Malthus believed that humans had the potential to reproduce beyond the capacity of their food supply This led Darwin to realize that other animal species where also capable of doing this Because of starvation, disease, and predators only a limited number of offspring survive to reproduce

Chapter 8 Quiz 2 1) Darwin was on the HMS Beagle for _______ years 2) When he studied the Galapagos finches he was most interested in their different ________ 3) ___________ is when farmers breed two animals with ideal traits 4) Charles ________ was the Geologist that believed that the Earth was older than people though 5) T/F Malthus believed that humans could over populate their food B) _________ is the period of time between the birth of one generation and the birth next generation 1) Darwin was on the HMS Beagle for _______ years 2) When he studied the Galapagos finches he was most interested in their different ________ 3) ___________ is when farmers breed two animals with ideal traits 4) Charles ________ was the Geologist that believed that the Earth was older than people though 5) T/F Malthus believed that humans could over populate their food B) _________ is the period of time between the birth of one generation and the birth next generation

Natural Selection In 1858, about 20 years after Darwin returned, he received a letter from naturalist Alfred Wallace. Wallace had independently came to the same evolutionary principle This prompted Darwin to publish his book, On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection Darwin theorized that evolution occurred through a process he called Natural Selection Natural selection occurs in four steps: 1) Overproduction 2) Genetic Variation 3) Struggle to Survive 4) Successful reproduction In 1858, about 20 years after Darwin returned, he received a letter from naturalist Alfred Wallace. Wallace had independently came to the same evolutionary principle This prompted Darwin to publish his book, On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection Darwin theorized that evolution occurred through a process he called Natural Selection Natural selection occurs in four steps: 1) Overproduction 2) Genetic Variation 3) Struggle to Survive 4) Successful reproduction

Natural Selection 1) Overproduction a species can produce more offspring than will survive to maturity 2) Genetic Variation when individuals in a population are different than one another. Some traits are more suited to an environment and help the organism survive and reproduce 3) Struggle to Survive Only some individuals in a population survive because of food, shelter, and predators. 4) Successful Reproduction Individuals that are best suited for their environment are more likely to reproduce 1) Overproduction a species can produce more offspring than will survive to maturity 2) Genetic Variation when individuals in a population are different than one another. Some traits are more suited to an environment and help the organism survive and reproduce 3) Struggle to Survive Only some individuals in a population survive because of food, shelter, and predators. 4) Successful Reproduction Individuals that are best suited for their environment are more likely to reproduce

Section 3: Natural Selection in Action Insecticide Resistance Insects can quickly develop resistance to insecticides because they have short generation times Generation Time the period of time between the birth of one generation and the birth of the next generation Adaptation to Pollution Organisms have adapted to changes (pollution) in their environment overtime. In industrialized areas, European pepper moths have gotten darker over time. This allows them to blend in with their backgrounds, making them harder to see Insecticide Resistance Insects can quickly develop resistance to insecticides because they have short generation times Generation Time the period of time between the birth of one generation and the birth of the next generation Adaptation to Pollution Organisms have adapted to changes (pollution) in their environment overtime. In industrialized areas, European pepper moths have gotten darker over time. This allows them to blend in with their backgrounds, making them harder to see

Formation of New Species Speciation when two populations become so different over time that they can no longer interbreed. The three possibilities are: 1) Separation when a portion of a population becomes isolated (i.e. newly formed canyon, mountain range, etc.) 2) Adaptation separated groups are force to adapt to their environments or die 3) Division Over many hundreds, thousands, or millions of generations, two groups many become so different that they can no longer interbreed Speciation when two populations become so different over time that they can no longer interbreed. The three possibilities are: 1) Separation when a portion of a population becomes isolated (i.e. newly formed canyon, mountain range, etc.) 2) Adaptation separated groups are force to adapt to their environments or die 3) Division Over many hundreds, thousands, or millions of generations, two groups many become so different that they can no longer interbreed

Chapter 8 Quiz 3 1) _________ is the period of time between the birth of one generation and the birth of the next. 2) What cause the moths in England to become mostly dark? 3) _________ is when a population is separated and become so different that they can no longer interbreed 4) List the three steps to speciation. (Dont make me SAD) B) List the four steps to Natural Selection 1) _________ is the period of time between the birth of one generation and the birth of the next. 2) What cause the moths in England to become mostly dark? 3) _________ is when a population is separated and become so different that they can no longer interbreed 4) List the three steps to speciation. (Dont make me SAD) B) List the four steps to Natural Selection

chapter 8 the evolution of living things. sec 1: change over time

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