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Page 1: Chapter 8: Molecular Compoundsimages.pcmac.org/.../HernandoHigh/Uploads/Forms/1.Ch_8_Lecture.… · Molecules and Molecular Compounds • Monatomic: elements existing in singular

Chapter 8: Molecular Compounds

Chemistry

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Molecules and Molecular Compounds  

•  Molecule:  neutral  group  of  atoms  joined  by  covalent  bonds  (neutral)  – Diatomic  Molecules:  Molecule  consis:ng  of  two  atoms  (H2,  N2,  O2,  and  Halogens2)  

– Molecular  Compounds:  Compound  composed  of  molecules  

•  Low  MP  and  BP  •  Gas  and  Liquid  at  room  temp  •  Nonmetal  +  Nonmetal  etc…  

–  Ex:  C  +  O  à  CO  –  Pg  214  good  contrast  between  Ionic  Compound  and  Molecular  –  NaCl  and  H2O  

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Molecules and Molecular Compounds

•  Monatomic: elements existing in singular form. – Ex: Noble Gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr…)

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Molecules and Molecular Compounds  

•  Molecular  Formulas:  chemical  formula  for  a  molecular  compound  – Shows  #  atoms  of  each  element  

•  Ex:  H2O  (2-­‐H’s  and  1-­‐O)  •  Ex:  C6H12O6  (6-­‐C’s  and  12-­‐H’s  and  6-­‐O’s)  

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Covalent  Bonding  

•  Covalent Bond: atoms held together by sharing e •  Neither  atom  has  the  electronega:vity  to  over  power  the  other  atom  and  take  its  electrons –  “tug of war” between electrons

•  Co:  with  •  Valent:  refers  to  outermost  electrons  •  Covalent:  sharing  of  the  outermost  electrons  between  two  atoms  

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Nomenclature  -­‐  Covalent  

•  Covalent  bonds  usually  occur  between  two  or  more  NONMETALS.    

•  Named  using  Greek  prefixes  

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Nomenclature  -­‐  Covalent  

•  In  naming  binary  covalent  compounds:  •  The  first  element  retains  its  name  and  a  prefix  is  used  ONLY  if  there  is  more  than  one  in  the  compound  

•  The  second  element  drops  its  ending  and  adds  “-­‐ide”;  The  second  element  ALWAYS  gets  a  prefix  

•  Ex:  CO2    =  Carbon  dioxide  

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Prac:ce  •  Draw  electron  dot  structures  for  each  diatomic  molecule:  

•  Chlorine  molecule  •  Bromine  molecule  •  Iodine  molecule  •  Oxygen  •  Fluorine  molecule  •  Hydrogen  •  Nitrogen  •  H2O2  •  PCl3  •  NH3  

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Molecules and Molecular Compounds  

•  Diagrams  and  Models  – STRUCTURAL  FORMULA  

•  represents  the  covalent  bonds  by  dashes  

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Molecules and Molecular Compounds  

•  Diagrams  and  Models  – BALL  AND  STICK  MODEL  

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Molecules and Molecular Compounds  

•  Diagrams  and  Models  – PERSPECTIVE  DRAWING  

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Molecules and Molecular Compounds  

•  Diagrams  and  Models  – SPACE  FILLING  MOLECULAR  MODEL  

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8.1  -­‐  Key  Concepts    

•  How  are  the  MP’s  and  BP’s  of  molecular  compounds  different  from  those  of  ionic  compounds?  

•  What  informa:on  does  a  molecular  formula  provide?  

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The  Nature  of  Covalent  Bonding  

•  The  Octet  Rule:  electrons  tend  to  be  transferred  or  shared  so  that  each  ion  or  atom  acquires  a  noble  gas  e-­‐  configura:on  – Covalent  bonds  –  atoms  SHARE  to  ajain  a  noble  gas  configura:on  

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Covalent  Bonding  

•  Single  Covalent  Bonds:  2  atoms  held  together  by  sharing  a  pair  of  electrons  – Ex:    H2        H•  +  H•  à  H••H    1s1  +  1s1  à  1s2  

 (both  look  like  He)  – Halogens  form  SINGLE  covalent  bonds  and  DIATOMIC  molecules  

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Covalent  Bonding  •  Unshared  pair:  pair  of  valence  e-­‐  not  shared  between  atoms  

•  AKA:  lone  pair  or  nonbonding  pair  – Ex:  H2O  contains  2  lone  pairs  – Ex:  Ammonia  NH3  contains  1  lone  pair  – Ex:  Methane  CH4  contains  0  lone  pairs  – PRACTICE:  Draw  e-­‐  Dot  Structures  for  a)Chlorine  b)Bromine  c)Iodine  

– PRACTICE:  Draw  e-­‐  dot  structure  for  compounds  a)H2O2  b)PCl3  

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Covalent  Bonding  

•  Double  Covalent  Bonds:  2  atoms  held  together  by  2  shared  pairs  of  electrons  – Ex:  Oxygen  O2  

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Covalent  Bonding  

•  Triple  Covalent  Bonds:    2  atoms  held  together  by  3  shared  pairs  of  electrons  – Ex:  Nitrogen  N2  

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Covalent  Bonding  

•  Coordinate  Covalent  Bonds:  a  covalent  bond  in  which  one  atom  contributes  both  bonding  electrons  – The  shard  e-­‐  pair  comes  from  one  bonding  atom  

•  Ex:  CO  

•  Polyatomic  Ion  –  Ex:  NH4

+  

–  Ex:  SO3  +  2e-­‐  à  SO32-­‐    

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Covalent  Bonding  

•  Bond  DissociaBon  Energies:  the  energy  required  to  break  the  bond  between  two  covalently  bonded  atoms  – A  large  bond  dissocia:on  energy  corresponds  to  a  strong  covalent  bond  

– BIG  ENERGY  =  STRONG  BOND  

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Covalent  Bonding  

•  Resonance:  structure  that  occurs  when  it  is  possible  to  draw  two  or  more  valid  e-­‐  dot  structures  that  have  the  same  #  of  e-­‐  pairs    – Ex:  Ozone  O3  (protec:ve  layer  that  absorbs  UV  radia:on  from  sun;  @  lower  eleva:ons  it  is  a  pollutant  contribu:ng  to  smog)  

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Covalent  Bonding  

•  Octet  Rule  ExcepBons:  cannot  be  sa:sfied  in  molecules  whose:  – Total  #  of  Valence  e-­‐  is  an  odd  #  – An  atom  has  fewer  or  more  than  a  complete  octet  of  valence  e-­‐  

•  NO2  

•  PCl5  •  SF6  

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8.2  -­‐  Key  Concepts    •  What  is  the  result  of  electron  sharing  in  covalent  bonds?  

•  How  do  electron  dot  structures  represent  shared  electrons?  

•  How  do  atoms  from  double  or  triple  covalent  bonds?  •  How  are  coordinate  covalent  bonds  different  from  other  covalent  bonds?    

•  How  is  the  strength  of  a  covalent  bond  related  to  its  bond  dissocia:on  energy?    

•  How  are  oxygen  atoms  bonded  in  ozone?  •  What  are  some  excep:ons  to  the  octet  rule?  

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Bonding  Theories  

•  Molecular Orbitals: orbitals that apply to the entire molecule.

•  Molecular orbital belongs to the whole molecule

•  Bonding Orbital: molecular orbital that can be occupied by 2 e- of a covalent bond – Where the bonding occurs**

–  Sigma Bond: 2 atomic orbitals combine to form a molecular orbital that is symmetrical around the axis connecting 2 atomic nuclei (σ)

•  ‘s’ orbitals or ‘p’ orbitals

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Bonding  Theories  •  Sigma  Bond  

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Bonding  Theories  

– Pi  Bond:  bonding  electrons  are  most  likely  found  above/below  axis  

• Weaker  than  sigma  –  Pi  overlap  less  than  Sigma  

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VSEPR  Theory    

•  VSEPR  Theory:  explains  3D  shapes    •  Repulsion  between  e-­‐  pairs  causes  molecular  shapes  to  adjust  so  that  the  valence  e-­‐  pairs  stay  as  far  apart  as  possible.    – Unshared  Pairs  –  important  predictors  of  the  molecular  shapes  

•  Structures  – A  =  central  atom  – X  =  surrounding  atoms  

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VSEPR  Theory    

•  Linear  Triatomic  – AX2    

•  Trigonal  Planar  – AX3  

•  Tetrahedral  – AX4  

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VSEPR  Theory    

•  Pyramidal  – AX3  

•  Trigonal  bipyramidal  – AX5  

•  Octahedral  – AX6  

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VSEPR  Theory    

•  T-­‐shaped  – AX3  

•  Bent  triatomic  – AX2  

•  Square  planar  – AX4  

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Polarity  and  Molecules  

•  Nonpolar  Covalent  Bond:    – Bond  is  pulled  equally  – Bonding  e-­‐  are  equally  shared  – H2,  O2…  Diatomic  

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Polarity  and  Molecules  

•  Polar  Covalent  Bond:    – Bond  is  unequal  – Bonding  e-­‐  are  unequally  shared  – The  more  electronega:ve  atom  ajracts  electrons  more  strongly  and  gains  a  slightly  nega:ve  charge  

•     

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Polarity  and  Molecules  

•  Polar  molecules:  one  end  is  slightly  nega:ve  and  other  is  slightly  posi:ve  

•  Dipole:  molecule  that  has  two  poles  (dipolar)  – When  polar  molecules  are  placed  between  opp.  Charged  plates,  they  orient  with  respect  to  posi:ve  and  nega:ve  plates  pg.  239  

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Polarity  and  Molecules  

•  Intermolecular  Ajrac:ons:    •  Weaker  than  ionic  or  covalent  bonds  

– 1)Van  der  Waals  Forces:    •  Dipole  interac:ons  •  Dispersion  forces  • WEAKEST  

– 2)  Hydrogen  Bonds  •  Ajrac:ve  forces  in  which  a  H  covalently  bonded  to  a  very  electronega:ve  atom  is  weakly  bonded  also  to  an  unshared  e-­‐  pair.