chapter 8: language and thought. the cognitive revolution cognition: mental processes involved in...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 8: Language and Thought
![Page 2: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Cognitive RevolutionCognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.19th Century focus on the mind
IntrospectionBehaviorist focus on overt responses
arguments regarding incomplete picture of human functioning
Empirical study of cognition – 1956 conferenceSimon and Newell – problem solvingChomsky – new model of languageMiller – memory (7 +/-2)
![Page 3: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Language: Turning Thoughts into Words
Properties of LanguageSymbolic: Use sounds/words to represent objectsSemantic: MeaningGenerative: Limited number of symbols can be combined & generate infinite combinationsStructured: Rules that govern how you can arrange sentences
![Page 4: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Hierarchical Structure of Language
• Phonemes = smallest speech units– 100 possible, English – about 40
• Morphemes = smallest unit of meaning– 50,000 in English, root words, prefixes, suffixes
• Semantics = meaning of words and word combinations– Objects and actions to which words refer
• Syntax = a system of rules for arranging words into sentences– Different rules for different languages
![Page 5: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Language Development: Milestones
• Initial vocalizations similar across languages– Crying, cooing, babbling
• 6 months – babbling sounds begin to resemble surrounding language
• 1 year – first word– similar cross-culturally – words for parents– receptive vs. expressive language
![Page 6: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Overview of Typical Language Development
![Page 7: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Language Development:Milestones Continued
• 18-24 months – vocabulary spurt, receptive vocab (understanding) is greater then productive vocab (spoken).– Fast Mapping: map a word onto an understanding
concept after 1 exposure – Overextension: incorrectly use words to describe
similar objects (ball: anything around)– Underextension: incorrectly use words to narrower set
of objects (doll: their favorite doll)
![Page 8: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Language Development:Milestones Continued
• End of second year – combine words – Telegraphic Speech: omitting words that are less
critical (Give Doll)– Mean Length of Utterance (MLU): average length of
spoken statements (morphemes)
• End of third year – complex ideas, plural, past tense– Overregularization: grammar rules are incorrectly use
(I goed to sleep)
• 4-5 years old- formal training in writing– Metalinguistic Awareness: to reflect on the use of
language (coming up with jokes)
![Page 9: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Bilingualism:Learning More Than One Language
• Research findings:– Smaller vocabularies in one language, combined
vocabularies average– Higher scores for middle-class bilingual subjects on
cognitive flexibility, analytical reasoning, selective attention, and metalinguistic awareness
– Slight disadvantage in terms of language processing speed
– 2nd languages more easily acquired early in life– Acculturation: how much a person is socially &
psychologically integrated into a new culture facilitates acquisition
![Page 10: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Age and second language learning
![Page 11: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Can Animals Develop Language?
• Dolphins, sea lions, parrots, chimpanzees– Vocal apparatus issue– American Sign Language
• Allen and Beatrice Gardner (1969)– Chimpanzee - Washoe– 160 word vocabulary
• Sue Savage-Rumbaugh– Bonobo chimpanzee - Kanzi– Symbols– Receptive language – 72% of 660 requests
![Page 12: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Theories of Language Acquisition
• Behaviorist – Skinner
• learning of specific verbal responses
• Nativist– Chomsky
• learning the rules of language• Language Acquisition Device (LAD): innate mechanism that
facilitates learning of language (biologically)
• Interactionist – Cognitive, social communication, and biological theories
![Page 13: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Interactionist theories of language acquisition
![Page 14: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Thinking
Thinking refers to mental activities used to reason or reflect
• Mental Representations: representations of knowledge & thought. Two type:
1) Analogical: the representation has some of the qualities
of the thing it represents
2) Symbolic: the representation has none of the qualities of
the thing it represents
![Page 15: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Thinking
• Visual Imagery: representations of sensory experience that occur in the brain w/out the presence of sensory input.
• Concept Formation: mental classification of objects & events based on common features
1) Concept: a class or category w/ individuals or subtypes (birds)
2) Prototype: the best example of a concept (sparrow)
•
![Page 16: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Problem Solving: Types of Problems
• Greeno (1978) – three basic classes• Problems of inducing structure
– Series completion and analogy problems
• Problems of arrangement– String problem and Anagrams
• Often solved through insight
• Problems of transformation– Hobbits and orcs problem– Water jar problem
![Page 17: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Six standard problems used in studies of problem solving
![Page 18: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The tower of Hanoi problem
![Page 19: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Effective Problem Solving• Well defined vs. ill defined problems
• Barriers to effective problem solving:– Irrelevant Information– Functional Fixedness: to see an item for only
its most common use– Mental Set: when people use problem solving
strategies that have worked in the past– Unnecessary Constraints
![Page 20: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Approaches to Problem Solving• Problem Space: the set of possible pathways to a
solution considered by the problem solver.• Algorithms: method, step by step procedure in
searching for a solution– Trial-&-Error: trying possible solutions & discarding
those that don’t work until you find a solution.
• Heuristics: “rule of thumb” – Shortcuts– No guaranteed solution
• Forming subgoals• Working backward• Searching for analogies• Changing the representation of a problem
![Page 21: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Culture, Cognitive Style,and Problem Solving
• Field dependence – relying on external frames of reference
• Field independence – relying on internal frames of reference– Western cultures inspire field independence– Cultural influence based in ecological demands
![Page 22: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Decision Making: Evaluating Alternatives & Making Choices
• Framing: the way a problem is posed affects the perception of how
• Theory of Bounded Rationality: people use simple strategies that focus on a few facts of available option which leads to irrational decisions (Simon)
• Making Choices– Additive strategies: list positives of two things– Elimination by aspects
![Page 23: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Application of the additive model to choosing an apartment
![Page 24: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Taking Chances• Risky Decision Making: making choices
under uncertain conditions– Expected Value: engage in activity only if we
except to win or gain something. (gambling)– Subjective Utility: represents what an
outcome is personally worth to a person (having insurance)
– Subjective Probability: personal estimates of probabilities if actual probability is not available.
![Page 25: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Heuristics in Judging Probabilities
• Availability Heuristic: estimating the probability based on instances that come to mind
• Representativeness Heuristic: estimates the probability based on how similar it is to a typical prototype
• Tendency to Ignore Base Rates: pg 326 • Conjunction Fallacy: people estimate the odds of 2
uncertain events happening together are greater then happening alone
• Alternative Outcomes Effect: beliefs about outcomes change depending how the info is presented
![Page 26: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Conjunction Fallacy
![Page 27: Chapter 8: Language and Thought. The Cognitive Revolution Cognition: Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. 19th Century focus on the mind](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bfa51a28abf838c97aa0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Understanding Pitfalls in ReasoningAbout Decisions
• Reasoning: the determination of the conclusions that can be drawn from examples or assertions1) Inductive
Reasoning: the construction of conclusions
from particular examples
2) Deductive Reasoning: the process of deciding
whether a conclusion can be drawn from the premises or facts
• The gambler’s fallacy• Overestimating the improbable• Confirmation bias and belief perseverance• The overconfidence effect