Chapter 8 & 11Chapter 8 & 111818thth- and 19- and 19thth-century Prose and Novelists-century Prose and Novelists

From From An Outline of English LiteratureAn Outline of English Literature by T by Thornley and Robertshornley and Roberts

Daniel DefoeDaniel Defoe

No more strange plots and ideas of heroic tragedyNo more strange plots and ideas of heroic tragedy Turned to reasonable things (p.81)Turned to reasonable things (p.81) Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe (1719)—stories of adventure, almost (1719)—stories of adventure, almost

a novel.a novel.

Based on a real event, Alexadner Selkirk lived alone oBased on a real event, Alexadner Selkirk lived alone on the island of Juan Fernandez near Chilen the island of Juan Fernandez near Chile

Moll FlandersMoll Flanders (1722) (1722)

Jonathan SwiftJonathan Swift

A bitter satirist (p.81)A bitter satirist (p.81) A Modest ProposalA Modest Proposal (1729) (1729)

1.1. Contains the suggestion that the poor should Contains the suggestion that the poor should sell their children to the rich for foodsell their children to the rich for food

2.2. A kind of satire that accepts the evils of the A kind of satire that accepts the evils of the world and show their resultsworld and show their results

Jonathan SwiftJonathan Swift

Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver’s Travels (1726)—(p. 82) (1726)—(p. 82)1.1. Written in four books, usually read the first twoWritten in four books, usually read the first two2.2. Gulliver’s voyage to Lilliput (where the people arGulliver’s voyage to Lilliput (where the people ar

e six inches high) and Brobdingnag (where they ae six inches high) and Brobdingnag (where they are giants)re giants)

1.1. The Lilliputians fight wars which seem foolishThe Lilliputians fight wars which seem foolish2.2. King of Brobdingnang thinks the people in GullivKing of Brobdingnang thinks the people in Gulliv

er’s country must be the most hateful race of creater’s country must be the most hateful race of creature on the earthure on the earth

Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver’s Travels

Pamela - Pamela - The First English NovelThe First English Novel

The English novel proper was born about the The English novel proper was born about the middle of the 18th century (1740).middle of the 18th century (1740).

PamelaPamela by Samuel Richardson (p.85) by Samuel Richardson (p.85)

1.1. Written in the form of lettersWritten in the form of letters2.2. Different from stories of adventure; Different from stories of adventure;

examines the human heart and shows the examines the human heart and shows the effects of human charactereffects of human character

3.3. The feelings of an English girl, PamelaThe feelings of an English girl, Pamela4.4. Good girl receives the rewards of virtueGood girl receives the rewards of virtue

PamelaPamela, 1941 Edition, 1941 Edition

See:http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/pamela_illustrated/main.set.editions.htmSee:http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/pamela_illustrated/main.set.editions.htm

Pamela (1741)Pamela (1741)

The illustrations for this edition The illustrations for this edition jump right into the action, with jump right into the action, with Mr. B lurking behind a wall as Mr. B lurking behind a wall as Pamela cries. Mr. B's intrusion Pamela cries. Mr. B's intrusion into Pamela's inner life is a into Pamela's inner life is a major issue in the novel, as he major issue in the novel, as he continually eavesdrops on her continually eavesdrops on her conversations and reads her conversations and reads her private correspondence. This private correspondence. This scene shows him spying on scene shows him spying on Pamela in her grief. Pamela in her grief.

Pamela (1741)Pamela (1741) Here, Mrs. Jervis brings Pamela, Here, Mrs. Jervis brings Pamela, wearing her simple country outfiwearing her simple country outfit (rather than the finery given to t (rather than the finery given to her by her old mistress), to see her by her old mistress), to see Mr. B. He is, of course, awed by Mr. B. He is, of course, awed by her beauty. The class difference her beauty. The class difference between them that the dress makbetween them that the dress makes obvious, and that gives Mr. B es obvious, and that gives Mr. B enormous power over Pamela, enormous power over Pamela, might also be part of the appeal. might also be part of the appeal. Also, notice the way Pamela is rAlso, notice the way Pamela is represented on the frontis piece. epresented on the frontis piece. Although she is proud of her huAlthough she is proud of her humble background, she is presentmble background, she is presented as mature and dressed as an ued as mature and dressed as an upper-class matron. pper-class matron.

Pamela (1741)Pamela (1741) Believing she is to be Believing she is to be

returned to her parents' returned to her parents' house, Pamela departs house, Pamela departs in a carriage. However, in a carriage. However, while carriage rides may while carriage rides may have conferred status at have conferred status at the time, this ride the time, this ride proves to be anything proves to be anything but pleasant, as Pamela but pleasant, as Pamela is kidnapped. is kidnapped.

Pamela (1471)Pamela (1471) In despair over her In despair over her imprisonment and what imprisonment and what seems to be the seems to be the imminent loss of her imminent loss of her virtue, Pamela considers virtue, Pamela considers suicide. While she does suicide. While she does not go through with it, not go through with it, her dress is found in the her dress is found in the lake. When it is found lake. When it is found but Pamela is not, the but Pamela is not, the other servants show other servants show great concern. great concern.

Pamela (1471)Pamela (1471) Not deterred by her Not deterred by her

anguish, Mr. B anguish, Mr. B continues his plan to continues his plan to seduce Pamela. This seduce Pamela. This time, he hides not-so-time, he hides not-so-subtly in her bedroom subtly in her bedroom and watches her and watches her undress, as he sits in a undress, as he sits in a chair in the corner with chair in the corner with a sheet over his head. a sheet over his head.

Pamela (1471)Pamela (1471) The illustrations now skip The illustrations now skip

ahead, past Pamela's coming ahead, past Pamela's coming to an understanding with to an understanding with Mr. B and her returning to Mr. B and her returning to his home to continue his home to continue working as his servant, to working as his servant, to her father’s surprise arrival. her father’s surprise arrival. In her rush to greet her In her rush to greet her father, Pamela overturns a father, Pamela overturns a card table, but the faux pas card table, but the faux pas is not held against her by is not held against her by those present, who are those present, who are touched by the emotional touched by the emotional

scenescene. .

Pamela (1471)Pamela (1471) Now fully reconciled, and Now fully reconciled, and with the blessing of her with the blessing of her parents, Pamela and Mr. B parents, Pamela and Mr. B are married. It is a small are married. It is a small affair, and Pamela's family affair, and Pamela's family is not in attendance. We is not in attendance. We have to wonder if the have to wonder if the woman by the door is woman by the door is looking at the couple with looking at the couple with awe, hoping that she will awe, hoping that she will one day marry a man as one day marry a man as well-off as Mr. B, or with well-off as Mr. B, or with disdain, at the spectacle of a disdain, at the spectacle of a cross-class union. cross-class union.

Pamela (1471)Pamela (1471) Rather than being welcomed Rather than being welcomed

into the family by her sister-into the family by her sister-in-law, Pamela is ill-treated in-law, Pamela is ill-treated by Lady Davers, who does nby Lady Davers, who does not approve of the couple. Tirot approve of the couple. Tired of the abuse, Pamela coned of the abuse, Pamela conspires, with the help of her nspires, with the help of her now-friend Mrs. Jewkes, to clow-friend Mrs. Jewkes, to climb out of the window. This imb out of the window. This scene of Pamela's resourcefscene of Pamela's resourcefulness and bravery seems to ulness and bravery seems to be a favorite of illustrators, be a favorite of illustrators, appearing in several of the eappearing in several of the editions we've looked at. ditions we've looked at.

Pamela (1471)Pamela (1471)

As a newly accepted As a newly accepted member of the upper member of the upper class, Pamela enjoys tea class, Pamela enjoys tea with Sir Simon, his with Sir Simon, his wife, and her doting wife, and her doting husband. Once a servant husband. Once a servant herself, now she is herself, now she is waited on, by the waited on, by the woman pouring tea in woman pouring tea in the corner. the corner.

Pamela (1471)Pamela (1471) In a illustration different in In a illustration different in

both style and layout from both style and layout from the others, the final the others, the final engraving of the edition engraving of the edition shows Pamela and Mr. B shows Pamela and Mr. B stopping on a stroll to stopping on a stroll to enjoy nature's beauty. enjoy nature's beauty. Continuing in the role of Continuing in the role of instructor that he takes up instructor that he takes up even more fully after their even more fully after their marriage, Mr. B appears to marriage, Mr. B appears to be showing Pamela be showing Pamela something she otherwise something she otherwise would not have noticed. would not have noticed.

Samuel RichardsonSamuel Richardson

Clarissa HarloweClarissa Harlowe (1847-8) (1847-8)

1.1. Clarissa, a beautiful girl, is forced to marry sClarissa, a beautiful girl, is forced to marry someone against her will (p.86)omeone against her will (p.86)

2.2. Driven to a state of despair and dies an early Driven to a state of despair and dies an early deathdeath

Henry FieldingHenry Fielding

Shamela (1741)—Shamela (1741)—a kind of sa kind of satire on Pamela (p.86)atire on Pamela (p.86)

Joseph AndrewsJoseph Andrews (1742) (1742) Tom JonesTom Jones (1749) (1749)

1.1. Appeared in 18 bookAppeared in 18 book

2.2. A boy’s adventures in LondoA boy’s adventures in Londonn

Laurence SterneLaurence Sterne

Tristam ShandyTristam Shandy (1760-7) (1760-7)

1.1. Half of the book is about what Half of the book is about what happens before the hero is borhappens before the hero is born (p.87)n (p.87)

2.2. Sterne leaves the story whenevSterne leaves the story whenever he likes to give opinions aner he likes to give opinions and write essays on any subjectd write essays on any subject

3.3. Adds blank pages and rows of Adds blank pages and rows of stars to confuse his readersstars to confuse his readers

4.4. Still can draw clear charactersStill can draw clear characters

1919thth-Century Novelists-Century Novelists

Jane Austen (p.115)Jane Austen (p.115)1.1. Draw calm pictures of society lifeDraw calm pictures of society life2.2. Understood the importance of the Understood the importance of the

family in human affairs, brought family in human affairs, brought the novel of family life to its the novel of family life to its highest point of perfectionhighest point of perfection

3.3. Paid little attention to the violence Paid little attention to the violence of nationsof nations

Jane AustenJane Austen Elinor and Marianne Elinor and Marianne (1795)(1795) Sense and SensibilitySense and Sensibility (1811) (1811) Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice (1813) (1813) Mansfield ParkMansfield Park (1814) (1814) EmmaEmma (1816) (1816) Northanger AbbeyNorthanger Abbey (1818) (1818) PersuasionPersuasion (1818) (1818)

““It is a truth universally acknowledgeIt is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of d that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a a good fortune must be in want of a wife” – from wife” – from Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice

Mary ShelleyMary Shelley

FrankesteinFrankestein (1818) (1818) A satire, a ghost storyA satire, a ghost story The first attempt at scThe first attempt at sc

ience fictionience fiction

FrankensteinFrankenstein

Mary Shelley's 1818 novel about Victor Frankenstein's creatioMary Shelley's 1818 novel about Victor Frankenstein's creation of a "monster" encourages discussion of issues from the dann of a "monster" encourages discussion of issues from the dangers of obsession with the abstractions of science to the Romagers of obsession with the abstractions of science to the Romantic temperament (written, as it was, in the company of Byron ntic temperament (written, as it was, in the company of Byron and Shelley, whose poetry, along with that of Wordsworth and and Shelley, whose poetry, along with that of Wordsworth and Coleridge, is scattered throughout the text). The novel works bColeridge, is scattered throughout the text). The novel works best, perhaps, as a study of parental responsibility, as the creatuest, perhaps, as a study of parental responsibility, as the creature faces isolation in a world where it is the ultimate "Other" anre faces isolation in a world where it is the ultimate "Other" and where its creator denies it either affection or compassion. Thd where its creator denies it either affection or compassion. The text also brings up gender issues through Victor's relationshie text also brings up gender issues through Victor's relationship with his cousin Elizabeth and the character of Safie, through p with his cousin Elizabeth and the character of Safie, through whom the creature indirectly learns about language, culture. anwhom the creature indirectly learns about language, culture. and love. The original film d love. The original film FrankensteinFrankenstein(1931) offers a nice cou(1931) offers a nice counterpoint, as it focuses almost solely on Victor's obsessiveness nterpoint, as it focuses almost solely on Victor's obsessiveness and the creature's destructiveness. and the creature's destructiveness.

Charles DickensCharles Dickens

One of the greatest English novelist (p.120)One of the greatest English novelist (p.120) Historical Novel: Historical Novel: Barnaby RudgeBarnaby Rudge (1841) and (1841) and

A Tale of Two CitiesA Tale of Two Cities (1849) (1849)

1.1. A story of the French Revolution and events A story of the French Revolution and events in Londonin London

2.2. Written partly with the purpose of improving Written partly with the purpose of improving social conditionssocial conditions

Charles DickensCharles Dickens

Oliver TwistOliver Twist (1837-8) (1837-8)1.1. A poor boy’s cruel treatment and miserable A poor boy’s cruel treatment and miserable

adventures (p.120)adventures (p.120)2.2. Vivid descriptions of hunger, stealing, murder and Vivid descriptions of hunger, stealing, murder and

hanginghanging

A Christmas CarolA Christmas Carol (1843) – a story of a bad (1843) – a story of a bad character who improves his behavior after a ghost character who improves his behavior after a ghost tells him the manner of his death (p.121)tells him the manner of his death (p.121)

David CopperfieldDavid Copperfield (1849-50) – a story based on (1849-50) – a story based on Dickens’s own life, the most popular of his novels Dickens’s own life, the most popular of his novels (p.122)(p.122)

Charles DickensCharles Dickens

His prose varies in quality, but always His prose varies in quality, but always readable. (p.122)readable. (p.122)

Describes and attacks many kinds of Describes and attacks many kinds of unpleasant people and placesunpleasant people and places

Many of his scenes are terribly unpleasant, but Many of his scenes are terribly unpleasant, but he usually keeps the worst descriptions out of he usually keeps the worst descriptions out of his books.his books.

Wanted to raise kindness and goodness in Wanted to raise kindness and goodness in men’s hearts, and he used tears and laughter to men’s hearts, and he used tears and laughter to reach his aimreach his aim

By Charles DickensBy Charles Dickens

1935 DavidCopperfield1935 DavidCopperfield

William Makepeace ThackerayWilliam Makepeace Thackeray

Studied and described the nobility inStudied and described the nobility instead of the poor (p.123)stead of the poor (p.123)

Vanity FairVanity Fair (1847-8) (1847-8)1.1. His most famous bookHis most famous book2.2. The title of the novel comes from BuThe title of the novel comes from Bu

nyan’s nyan’s Pilgrim’s ProgressPilgrim’s Progress..3.3. Describes the adventures of two girlDescribes the adventures of two girl

s of different sort: Rebecca and Ames of different sort: Rebecca and Amelia Sedleylia Sedley

4.4. Gives a good picture of English sociGives a good picture of English society in the eighteen centuryety in the eighteen century

William Makepeace ThackerayWilliam Makepeace Thackeray

Not a romantic, wrote as an educated man (p.1Not a romantic, wrote as an educated man (p.124)24)

produced his characters for the purpose of exprproduced his characters for the purpose of expressing violent feelingsessing violent feelings

Describe dstrange qualities in human beingsDescribe dstrange qualities in human beings Showed life’s cruelties and people’s weaknessShowed life’s cruelties and people’s weakness Only conscious of the importance of noble ranOnly conscious of the importance of noble ran

k and good familyk and good family

Charlotte BrontCharlotte Brontëë

Brought up in poor Brought up in poor surroundings (p.124)surroundings (p.124)

Jane EyreJane Eyre (1847) (1847)1.1. Heroine neither Heroine neither

beautiful nor rich beautiful nor rich (p.124)(p.124)

2.2. An honest description An honest description of strong feelings of strong feelings

3.3. Realistic dialogue and Realistic dialogue and less formalless formal

Emily BrontEmily Brontëë

Wuthering HeightsWuthering Heights (1847)(1847)

1.1. Show immense and Show immense and uncontrollable uncontrollable passions (p.125)passions (p.125)

2.2. About love and About love and revengerevenge

George Eliot George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)(Mary Ann Evans)

Adam BedeAdam Bede (1859) (1859) RomolaRomola (1863) – a historical n (1863) – a historical n

ovelovel MiddlemarchMiddlemarch (1871-2)– set in (1871-2)– set in

a provincial town where Dorota provincial town where Dorothea Brooke, a girl of noble quahea Brooke, a girl of noble qualities, marries old Mr. Casaubolities, marries old Mr. Casaubon; but the marriage is a failure. n; but the marriage is a failure. (p.126)(p.126)

Adam BedeAdam Bede

Adam Bede is a hard-working Adam Bede is a hard-working carpenter, with his heart set on marrying his sweethearcarpenter, with his heart set on marrying his sweethear

t - pretty dairymaid Hetty Sorrel. Unfortunately Hettt - pretty dairymaid Hetty Sorrel. Unfortunately Hetty's affections are captured by the handsome local squiy's affections are captured by the handsome local squire Arthur Donnithorne and they start a secret affair. re Arthur Donnithorne and they start a secret affair. When Adam discovers Hetty's infidelity he taunts ArtWhen Adam discovers Hetty's infidelity he taunts Arthur into a vicious fight, in the wake of which Arthur ehur into a vicious fight, in the wake of which Arthur exiles himself to London. xiles himself to London.

Hetty subsequently discovers she is pregnant and, ratHetty subsequently discovers she is pregnant and, rather than go through with her marriage to Adam she seher than go through with her marriage to Adam she sets off alone in the depths of winter to pursue her formts off alone in the depths of winter to pursue her former lover.er lover.

Oscar WildeOscar Wilde

The Picture of Dorian GrayThe Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) -- The no (1891) -- The novel tells of a young man named Dorian Gray, vel tells of a young man named Dorian Gray, the subject of a painting by artist Basil Hallwthe subject of a painting by artist Basil Hallward. Dorian is selected for his remarkable phard. Dorian is selected for his remarkable physical beauty, and Basil becomes strongly infysical beauty, and Basil becomes strongly infatuated with Dorian, believing that his beautatuated with Dorian, believing that his beauty is responsible for a new mode of art. Talkiy is responsible for a new mode of art. Talking in Basil's garden, Dorian meets Lord Henng in Basil's garden, Dorian meets Lord Henry Wotton, a friend of Basil's, and becomes ery Wotton, a friend of Basil's, and becomes enthralled by Lord Henry's world view. Espounthralled by Lord Henry's world view. Espousing a new kind of hedonism, Lord Henry susing a new kind of hedonism, Lord Henry suggests that the only thing worth pursuing in lggests that the only thing worth pursuing in life is beauty, and the fulfillment of the senseife is beauty, and the fulfillment of the senses. Realising that one day his beauty will fade, s. Realising that one day his beauty will fade, Dorian cries out, wishing that the portrait BaDorian cries out, wishing that the portrait Basil has painted of him would age rather than sil has painted of him would age rather than himself. Dorian's wish is fulfilled, subsequenhimself. Dorian's wish is fulfilled, subsequently plunging him into a sequence of debauchtly plunging him into a sequence of debauched acts. The portrait serves as a reminder of ted acts. The portrait serves as a reminder of the effect each act has upon his soul, each sin he effect each act has upon his soul, each sin being displayed as a new sign of aging on thbeing displayed as a new sign of aging on the portrait. (from Wikipedia)e portrait. (from Wikipedia)

Thomas HardyThomas Hardy

Nature plays an important part in his novels (p.1Nature plays an important part in his novels (p.131)31)

Set in Wessex (the county of Dorset)Set in Wessex (the county of Dorset) The past has built up a mass of conditions whicThe past has built up a mass of conditions whic

h remain to influence people’s livesh remain to influence people’s lives Blind chance has a very important effectBlind chance has a very important effect The best way of life: accept the blows of fateThe best way of life: accept the blows of fate Novels: human beings struggle against fate or cNovels: human beings struggle against fate or c

hancehance

Thomas HardyThomas Hardy

The Mayor of CasterbridgeThe Mayor of Casterbridge (1886) (1886) Tess of the D’UrbervillesTess of the D’Urbervilles (1891) (1891)