chapter 7 the industrial revolution begins by: john-mason tasaka
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 7
The Industrial Revolution Begins
By: John-Mason Tasaka
Section 1
A turning point in history
• The people of 1750 worked the land using handmade tools.
• They lived in simpler cottages lit by firelight from candles.
• They had to grow their own food and crops.
• They had to make clothes and would exchange them with nearby villages.
Continue…• They didn't’t know what the world around
them looked like.
• Few would leave their home to travel as far as their feet or horse-drawn carriages would take them.
• Rural ways of life began to disappear with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
• Many country villages began to turn into industrial cities and towns.
Continue...• Food and clothing was bought by the
inhabitants from stores that offered large varieties of machine made goods.
• Industrial-age travelers moved rapidly between countries and continents by train or steamship.
• Urgent messages were flown across the telegraph wires.
• Between 1830-1850 an American dentist used an anesthetic.
• Anesthetic: Drug used to prevent pain during surgery.
A New Agricultural Revolution
• The Industrial Revolution was was made possible by a change of farming fields of Western Europe.
• The first agricultural revolution took place around 11,000 years ago.
• 300 years ago another agricultural revolution took place.
• It improved the quality and quantity or food products from farms.
Improved Methods of Farming
• The Dutch led the way in this new agricultural evolution.
• Dikes were built to reclaim land from the sea.
• Combined smaller fields into larger ones to make better use of land.
• Used fertilizer from animals for soil.
• British farmers expanded on Dutch experiments
• They mixed 2 different soils to to get higher crop yields.
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• Lord Charles Townshend urged farmers to grow turnips.
• Turnips restored exhaust soil.
• The seed drill was invented by Jenthro Tull to aid farmers.
• Used to deposit seeds into rows rather than scattering them wastefully over the land.
Enclosure Movement
• Enclosure: The process of taking land and fencing off land formerly shared y peasant farmers.
• In the 1500s they enclosed land to gain pastures for sheep and increase in wool.
• 1700s they created larger fields for more cultivation efficiency.
• Millions of acres were enclosed.
• Profits rose because of larger fields.
• Laborer weren't needed as much on larger fields.
• Many landowners were kicked off their land because they couldn’t keep up with the larger plantations.
The Population Expulsion
• The agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid growth of population.
• Precise population statistics from the 1700s are rare.
• Britain went from 5 million to 9 million within 100 years.
• More declining death rates and than birthrates.
New Technology
An energy Revolution:
• Energy for work was provided by mostly muscles of humans and animals.
• Wind mills, water mills, were added to muscle power.
• A vital power source people began to harness was coal.
• Coal was used to make power for the steam engine.
Improved Iron
• Coal was a vital source of of fuel in the production of iron.
• Needed for construction of machines and steam engines.
• The Darby Family of Coalbrookdale pioneered new methods of producing iron.
• Abraham Darby used coal to smelt iron and separate iron from its ore.
• Smelt: Separates iron from its ore.
Continue…
• Darby realized that coal would ruin the iron giving it impurities.
• Darby found a way to remove the impurities from coal.
• His sons continued to improve this method.
• Widely used for building rain roads.
Section 2Britain Leads The WayWhy Britain?
Key factors
• Resources
• New Technology
• Economic Conditions
• Political and Social Conditions
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Resources
• Britain was a small nation with a large supply of coal.
• Used coal to power steam engines.
• Plentiful with iron to build new machines.
• Large number of minors
• Mind for iron and coal
• Built more factories, and machines
• Many farm laborers were freed
• 1600-1700 population bloom
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New Technology
• Britain had many skilled mechanics
• Eager to meet the growing demand for new inventions.
• Technology was important in the Industrial Revolution.
• Greeks and Chinese had advanced technology but did not move into the industrialization.
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Economic Conditions
• Over-seas trading with an empire helped the British economy prosper.
• Trade beginning with slave trade
• The business class accumulated capital.
• Capital: Wealth to invest in enterprise such as shipping, mines, railroads, and factories.
• Population explosion boosted the demand for goods.
• Population growth alone would not cause an increased production
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Political and Social Conditions
• Britain had a stable government that supported economic growth.
• Built a strong navy to protect empire and over-seas trade.
• Religious attitudes played a role
• Many entrepreneurs were from religion groups
• They encouraged thrift and hard work
• People focused on worldly concerns rather than the afterlife.
• Bankers and inventors devoted their time to material achievements.
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Changes in the Textile Industry
• Britain's largest industry was textiles.
• Cotton cloth from India had become popular in the 1600s.
• British merchants tried to organize a cotton cloth industry at home.
• Developed the putting out system.
• Raw cotton was distributed
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Major Inventions
• Under the putting out system production was slow.
• Demand for cloth grew
• Inventors came up with a string of remarkable devices that revolutionize British textile industry.
• John Kay’s shuttle weaved so fast that it outpaced spinners.
• 1764 the spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves.
• It spun many threads at once
• Richard Arkwright invented the waterframe.
• Used water power to speed up spinning still further
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The First Factories
• The putting out system was doomed by the new inventions
• To large and expensive to be operated at home
• Many fractures built long sheds to house machines.
• Located sheds near rapidly moving streams to run the water power.
• Later the machines were powered by steam engines.
• Spinners and weavers came to work in the first factories.
• Factories: Places that brought workers together and machines to produce large quantities of goods.
Continue…
Revolution in Transport
• Productions increased, entrepreneurs needed faster and cheaper methods for production.
• Some capitalists invested in turnpikes
• Turnpikes: Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them.
• Others had canals dug to link rivers or connect to inland towns with coastal ports.
• Engineers built stronger bridges and upgraded harbors to help expand trade over seas.
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On Land
• The revolution in transportation however was the invention of the steam locomotive.
• Made the growth of railroads
• George Stephen developed steam powered locomotives to pull carriages along iron rails.
• The railroads didn’t have to follow the rivers
• They could go places that rivers could not.
• This allowed shipping of goods across land
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On Sea
• Other inventors applied steam power to improve shipping
• Robert Fulton who was an American, used Watt’s steam engine to power the Clermont up the Hudson river in New York.
• Fulton's steam boat traveled at a record speed of more than five miles an hour.
• Designing steamships for ocean travel was difficult.
• The coal needed for the voyage took up most of the cargo space.
• By the 1800s steam powered freighters with iron hulls that carried 10 to 20 times the cargo of old wooden ships.
Continue…
Looking Ahead
• As the industrial revolution was underway it triggered the chain reaction.
• Inventors created machines that could increase produce quantities.
• As supply of goods increased prices fell
• Lower prices made goods more affordable.