Chapter 7Sections 3, 4, 5

Chapter 7Sections 3, 4, 5

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Napoleon Napoleon BonaparteBonaparte

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Napoleon Joined the army as part of the French

Revolution

Led a troop of gunners to defend the delegates when royalists marched on the National Convention hailed as a hero of the French Republic

Led armies against Austria, Sardinia and Northern Italy.

Disrupted English trade in India by advancing France’s trade

Lost a naval battle in Egypt (but remained a hero)

Coup d’Etat 1799 - the Directory lost control of France

People urged Napoleon to take control

Napoleon and troops drove out the majority of the members of the national legislature

The rest voted to dissolve the Directory and establish 3 consuls (included Napoleon)

Napoleon soon made himself dictator

Britain, Russia and Austria joined forces to drive Napoleon from power, but signed a treaty in 1802

Napoleon Rules France 1800 - a plebiscite was held to approve a

new constitution This gave Napoleon power as 1st consul

Napoleon supported laws that would restore order to France Kept in mind the goals of the Revolution Did not want to return to the days of

Louis XVI

Napoleon’s Reforms Economic

Set up a more effective tax and banking system

Ended corruption and inefficiency in the government Dismissed corrupt officials St up lycees (gov’t run public schools)

Restored the Catholic Church Signed a concordat with the pope

France recognizes the Church’s influence, but does not give it any control

Your Opinion

Would you have supported Napoleon’s ideas? Why/why not?

Why would a country elect an emperor when they had just recently beheaded their king?

Napoleon’s Reforms

Napoleonic Code - comprehensive set of laws Went in reverse of the

Enlightenment Limited liberty, promoted order and

authority over individual rights Freedom of speech and press were

restricted Slavery reinstated in the Caribbean

Napoleon’s Empire

1804 - Napoleon declares himself Emperor of France Supported by French voters Crowned himself (meaning he was

more powerful than the Church)

Wanted to control all of Europe and reassert France’s authority in the Americas

Napoleon’s Empire

Lost territory - after a rebellion in Saint Domingue, Napoleon gave up controlling the Americas Island of Saint Domingue Louisiana Territory

Gained territory - Austrian Netherlands and Italy Controlled the government of

Switzerland

European Enemies

Britain, Russia, Austria and Sweden allied against France

Napoleon crushed the allied armies in battle after battle Forced Austria, Prussia and Russia

to sign peace treaties

* Had the largest empire since the Romans *

Battle of Trafalgar Naval battle against Britain Napoleon’s only loss

Horatio Nelson destroyed half of the French fleet Britain had naval supremacy for the

next 100 years

Napoleon had to give up plans of invading Britain Wanted to find other ways to crush the

British

French Empire Napoleon had control or influence

over almost every country in Europe

Except: Britain, Portugal, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire

French Empire was very unstable- it lasted only 5 years (1807-1812)

Napoleon’s Mistakes Continental System - a blockade to

trade and communication from Great Britain wanted to strengthen European

trade and destroy Britain’s trade and industry

The blockade wasn’t effective smugglers, allies of Napoleon,

and his family members would ignore it

Did weaken Britain’s industry, but then Britain blockaded France

Napoleon’s Mistakes Peninsular War - invaded Spain in order to

reach Portugal (wanted them to accept the Continental System) Spanish protested, so Napoleon

removed their king from power and made his brother king.

Spanish were outraged, and also feared the weakening of the Church (like in France)

fought using guerrilla warfare, had aid from Britain Napoleon could not defend against it

Italy and Germany began turning against the French as well

Napoleon’s Mistakes Invasion of Russia - Russia refused

to stop selling grain to Britain, and France and Russia suspected the other of trying to conquer Poland

June 1812 - Napoleon and 420,000 marched on Russia

Russians were outnumbered, and so retreated until they had the advantage Used the scorched-earth policy

burn fields, kill livestock, destroy towns - leave nothing for the enemy to re-supply

Napoleon’s Mistakes September 7, 1812 - Battle of Borodino

Russians retreated Napoleon reached Moscow, but the

Russian army had destroyed it

In October, Napoleon decided to travel back to France Within weeks, snow began to fall The Russians began to attack

Many French soldiers died in the attacks, but more died of exhaustion, hunger and cold

By the time the French army made it out of Russia, only 10,000 were left

Napoleon’s Downfall While Napoleon was weak, Britain, Russia,

Prussia and Sweden joined forces against him Later joined by Austria

Napoleon raised another army (untrained and ill-prepared)

Forces met at Leipzig, Napoleon’s army was crushed

March 1814~ the kings of Prussia and Russia led their troops in a victory parade through Paris

April 1814~ Napoleon surrendered, and was banished to the island Elba

The Hundred Days Louis XVI’s brother took the throne as

Louis XVIII Was extremely unpopular

On Elba, Napoleon heard of Louis XVIII’s troubles inspired him to attempt to regain

power

Escaped and landed in France, and was marched into Paris by a jubilant crowd Became emperor again within days

The Hundred Days The European Allies did not want

Napoleon to remain emperor British General Wellington prepared his

army at Waterloo (in Belgium)

June 18, 1815 - Napoleon attacked The British were aided by the Prussians 2 days later, Napoleon was defeated

This defeat ended Napoleon’s grab for power (called the Hundred days)

Napoleon was sent to St. Helena to live in exile until his death

Review Define the following terms: guerrilla,

blockade, Continental system, scorched-earth, plebiscite, Napoleonic Code

What was the concordat Napoleon signed with the Catholic Church?

Why did Napoleon want to blockade Britain?

What were Napoleon’s 3 mistakes?

What happened at Leipzig?

Summarize Napoleon’s Hundred Days.

Congress of Vienna Outline ch 7, section 5 You should have information on the

following topics Why they met 5 Great Powers Klemens von Metternich Metternich’s 3 goals The political changes caused by the

CoV The Latin American Revolutions

The Congress of Vienna

European leaders wanted to set up a lasting peace - lasted 8 months

Most of the decisions were made in secret by representatives of the five “great powers” Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain

and France Most influential representative -

Klemens von Metternich (Austria) Distrusted the ideas of the

Revolution

Metternich’s 3 Goals

Containment (surround France with strong countries) Netherlands was formed German states joined - German

Confederation Switzerland became independent

Restore balance of power Wanted France to be weakened, but not

powerless

Legitimacy (Restore Europe’s royal families to the throne) Ruling families of France, Spain and

several others were placed back on the throne

Political Changes Britain and France - constitutional

monarchies

Conservatives had control of Western and Central Europe

Russia, Prussia and Austria - absolute monarchs signed the “Holy Alliance” to help keep

down the forces of revolution

Concert of Europe - series of alliances that ensured that nations would help one another if any revolutions broke out

Revolutions - Latin America

With the overthrow and then reinstatement of the Spanish king, the Creoles and Peninsulares were competing for control over the Spanish colonies The Spanish king took control, but he

angered the Mexicans, who revolted

Other Spanish colonies began to declare their own independence

Brazil declared independence from Portugal