chapter 7 primate behavior. observing primates (a) rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 7
Primate Behavior
![Page 2: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Observing Primates
(a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black-and-white colobus.
![Page 3: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Terms
Behavior – Anything organisms do that involves action in response to internal or external stimuli.
Free-ranging – Pertaining to non-captive animals living in their natural habitat.
Social Structure – The composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of animals.
Behavioral Ecology - An approach that focuses on the relationship between behaviors, the natural environment, and biological traits of the species.
![Page 4: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Factors That Influence Social Structure: Body Size
Larger animals are better able to retain heat and their overall energy requirements are less than for smaller animals.
![Page 5: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Factors That Influence Social Structure
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Diet– Smaller animals generally have a higher BMR
than larger ones. – Consequently, smaller primates require an
energy-rich diet high in protein, fats, and carbohydrates.
• Metabolism – The chemical processes within cells that break down nutrients and release energy for the body to use.
![Page 6: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Factors That Influence Social Structure
Distribution of Resources– Leaves can be abundant and will support large
groups of animals. – Fruits and nuts occur in clumps. These can be
efficiently exploited by smaller groups of animals.
![Page 7: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Distribution of Resources
This male mountain gorilla has only to reach out to find something to eat.
![Page 8: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Factors That Influence Social Structure
Predation– Primates are vulnerable to many types of predators– Where predation pressure is high, large communities
are advantageous.
![Page 9: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Factors That Influence Social Structure
Relationships with Other, Nonpredatory Species
![Page 10: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Factors That Influence Social Structure
Dispersal– Members of one
sex leave the group in which they were born when they become sexually mature.
![Page 11: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Factors That Influence Social Structure
Life Histories– Life history traits are characteristics or
developmental stages that typify members of a species and influence reproductive rates.
![Page 12: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Factors That Influence Social Structure
![Page 13: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Factors That Influence Social Structure
Activity Patterns– Nocturnal species tend to forage for food alone or in
groups of two or three and many use concealment to avoid predators.
![Page 14: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Factors That Influence Social Structure – Human Activity
![Page 15: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Matrilines
Groupings of females who are all descendants of one femaleMatrilines also include dependent male offspring.
![Page 16: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Types of Nonhuman Primate Social Groups
One male-multifemale.Multimale-multifemale Monogamous pairPolyandrySolitaryPhilopatric
![Page 17: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sympatric
Living in the same area.
Kibale Forest, Uganda
![Page 18: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Primate Social Strategies
![Page 19: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Primate Social Behavior: Dominance
Many primate societies are organized into dominance hierarchies. These impose order by establishing parameters of individual behavior.
![Page 20: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Breeding and Suppressed Males
Fully mature, breeding male orangutan with well-developed cheek pads (a) compared to a suppressed adult male without cheek pads (b).
![Page 21: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Factors that Influence Dominance Status
– Sex– Age– Aggression– Time in the group– Intelligence– Motivation– Mother’s social position
One young male savanna baboon mounts another as an expression of dominance.
![Page 22: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Primate Social Behavior: Communication
An adolescent male savanna baboon threatens with a characteristic “yawn” that shows the canine teeth.Note that the eyes are closed briefly to expose light, cream colored eyelids.This has been termed the “eyelid flash.”
![Page 23: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Displays
Sequences of repetitious behaviors that serve to communicate emotional states.
Nonhuman primate displays are most frequently associated with reproductive or agonistic behavior.
![Page 24: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Chimpanzee Facial Expressions
![Page 25: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Primate Social Behavior: Aggression
Conflict within a group frequently develops out of competition for resources, including mating partners and food items.
![Page 26: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Primate Social Behavior Affiliative Behaviors
Common affiliative behaviors include reconciliation, consolation, and simple amicable interactions between friends and relatives.
![Page 27: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Patterns of Reproduction
In most primate societies, sexual behavior is tied to the female’s reproductive cycle.
![Page 28: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Reproductive Strategies
Behavioral patterns that contribute to individual reproductive success.
K –selected
Sexual Selection
![Page 29: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Infanticide As A Reproductive Strategy?
Hanuman langurs live in groups of one adult male, several females, and offspring.Males without mates form groups and occasionally attack a reproductive male and drive him from his group. Sometimes the new male kills some or all of the group’s infants.
![Page 30: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Chacma Baboons
When chacma baboon males migrate into a new group, they “deliberately single out females with young infants and hunt them down”.
![Page 31: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Mothers, Fathers and Infants
The basic social unit among primates is the female and her infants.
(a) Sykes monkey. (b) Patas monkey.
![Page 32: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Primate mothers with young.
(c) Mongoose lemur. (d) Orangutan. (e) Chimpanzee.
![Page 33: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Infant Macaque Clinging to Cloth Mother
![Page 34: Chapter 7 Primate Behavior. Observing Primates (a) Rhesus macaques spend much of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black- and-white](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cb25503460f9497763a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Misunderstanding Primates
This unfortunate advertising display is a good example of how humans misunderstand and misrepresent our closest relatives.