chapter 7 periodic properties of the elements. atomic radius difficult to determinedifficult to...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 7Chapter 7Periodic Properties of the Periodic Properties of the
ElementsElements
Atomic RadiusAtomic Radius
• difficult to determinedifficult to determine
• TrendsTrends
decreases from left to right across a decreases from left to right across a periodperiod
reason: increase in nuclear charge reason: increase in nuclear charge with only small increase in shielding with only small increase in shielding (increase in effective nuclear charge)(increase in effective nuclear charge)
ZZeffectiveeffective
ZZeffectiveeffective = Z = Z – – (# subvalence s e(# subvalence s e––))
– – (# subvalence p e(# subvalence p e––))
– – (# subvalence d e(# subvalence d e––))
– – (# subvalence f e(# subvalence f e––))
> > > > > >
Atomic Radius TrendAtomic Radius Trend
increases down a groupincreases down a group
reason: adding shellsreason: adding shells
1A1A
HH11
LiLi33
NaNa
1111
KK
1919
RbRb
3737
CsCs5555
FrFr8787
Lanthanide ContractionLanthanide Contractioninordinately large decrease in atomic inordinately large decrease in atomic
radius between lanthanum and radius between lanthanum and hafniumhafnium
causes Hf and Zr to be about same causes Hf and Zr to be about same sizesize
CeCe5858
PrPr5959
NdNd6060
PmPm6161
SmSm6262
EuEu6363
GdGd6464
TbTb6565
DyDy6666
HoHo6767
ErEr6868
TmTm6969
YbYb7070
LuLu7171
ThTh9090
PaPa9191
UU9292
NpNp9393
PuPu9494
AmAm9595
CmCm9696
BkBk9797
CfCf9898
EsEs9999
FmFm100100
MdMd101101
NoNo102102
LwLw103103
AcAc UnqUnq UnpUnp UnhUnh UnsUns UnoUno UneUne
HgHgLLaa
5757
8989HfHf7272
104104
TaTa7373
105105WW7474
106106ReRe7575
107107
OsOs7676
108108
IrIr7777
109109
PtPt7878
AuAu7979 8080
for a given elementfor a given element
anion > neutral atom > cationanion > neutral atom > cation
for a given elementfor a given element
anion > neutral atom > cationanion > neutral atom > cation
egeg
HH
for a given elementfor a given element
anion > neutral atom > cationanion > neutral atom > cation
egeg
HH++HH
for a given elementfor a given element
anion > neutral atom > cationanion > neutral atom > cation
egeg
HH++HHHH––
Ionization EnergyIonization Energy
energy required to remove the most energy required to remove the most loosely held electron from a gaseous loosely held electron from a gaseous
atomatom
eg.eg.
NaNa(g)(g) Na Na(g)(g)++ + e + e–– H = IEH = IE11
NaNa(g)(g)++ Na Na(g)(g)
2+2+ + e + e–– H = IEH = IE22
endothermicendothermic
HH 1312 1312 Ionization Energies (kJ/mole)Ionization Energies (kJ/mole)HeHe 23712371 52475247LiLi 520520 72977297 1181011810BeBe 900900 17571757 1484014840 2100021000BB 800800 24302430 36593659 2502025020 3281032810CC 10861086 23522352 46194619 62216221 3780037800 4730047300NN 14021402 28572857 45774577 74737473 94439443 5325053250 6434064340OO 13141314 33913391 53015301 74687468 1098010980 1332013320 7130071300 8485084850FF 16811681 33753375 60456045 84188418 1102011020 1516015160 1786017860 9200092000NeNe 20802080 39633963 62766276 93769376 1219012190 1523015230NaNa 496496 45654565 69126912 95409540 1336013360 1661016610 2011020110 2549025490MgMg 738738 14501450 77327732 1055010550 1362013620 1800018000 2170021700 2566025660AlAl 577577 18161816 27442744 1158011580 1503015030 1837018370 2329023290 2746027460SiSi 786786 15771577 32293229 43564356 1608016080 1979019790 2378023780 2925029250PP 10121012 18961896 29102910 49544954 62726272 2127021270 2541025410 2984029840SS 10001000 22602260 33803380 45654565 69966996 84908490 2808028080 3172031720ClCl 12551255 22972297 38503850 51465146 65446544 93309330 1102011020 3360033600ArAr 15201520 26652665 39473947 57705770 72407240 88108810 1197011970 1384013840KK 419419 30693069 46004600 58795879 79717971 96199619 1138011380 1495014950
IE 1
IE 1
ZZ
HH
HeHe
LiLi
MgMg
AlAl
SiSi
PPSS
ClCl
ArAr
NaNa
BeBe
BB
CC
NNOO
FF
NeNe
KK
ZnZn
GaGa
GeGeSeSe
AsAsBrBr
KrKr
RbRb
ZnZn
BaBa5656
BeBe44
MgMg
1212
CaCa
2020
SrSr
3838
RaRa8888
2A2A
1A1A
HH11
LiLi33
NaNa
1111
KK
1919
RbRb
3737
CsCs
5555
FrFr8787
AcAc UnqUnq UnpUnp UnhUnh UnsUns UnoUno UneUne
HgHgLaLa5757
ScSc
2121
YY
3939
8989
3B3B
TiTi
2222
ZrZr4040
HfHf7272
104104
4B4B
VV
2323
NbNb
4141
TaTa7373
105105
5B5B
CrCr
2424
MoMo4242
WW7474
106106
6B6B
MnMn
TcTc
ReRe
2525
4343
7575
107107
7B7B
FeFe
OsOs
2626
RuRu4444
7676
108108
8B8B
IrIr
4545
7777
CoCo
2727
RhRh
109109
8B8B
NiNi2828
PdPd
4646
PtPt7878
8B8B
CuCu
2929
AgAg4747
AuAu7979
1B1B3030
CdCd4848
8080
2B2B
GaGa3131
InIn4949
TlTl8181
BB55
AlAl1313
3A3A
GeGe3232
SnSn5050
PbPb8282
CC66
SiSi1414
4A4A
AsAs3333
SbSb5151
BiBi8383
NN77
PP1515
5A5A
SeSe3434
TeTe5252
PoPo8484
OO88
SS1616
6A6A
BrBr3535
II5353
AtAt8585
FF99
ClCl1717
7A7A
KrKr3636
XeXe5454
RnRn8686
NeNe1010
ArAr1818
HeHe228A8A
IE 1
IE 1
ZZ
HH
HeHe
LiLi
MgMg
AlAl
SiSi
PPSS
ClCl
ArAr
NaNa
BeBe
BB
CC
NNOO
FF
NeNe
KK
ZnZn
GaGa
GeGeSeSe
AsAsBrBr
KrKr
RbRb
ZnZn
BaBa5656
BeBe44
MgMg
1212
CaCa
2020
SrSr
3838
RaRa8888
2A2A
1A1A
HH11
LiLi33
NaNa
1111
KK
1919
RbRb
3737
CsCs
5555
FrFr8787
AcAc UnqUnq UnpUnp UnhUnh UnsUns UnoUno UneUne
HgHgLaLa5757
ScSc
2121
YY
3939
8989
3B3B
TiTi
2222
ZrZr4040
HfHf7272
104104
4B4B
VV
2323
NbNb
4141
TaTa7373
105105
5B5B
CrCr
2424
MoMo4242
WW7474
106106
6B6B
MnMn
TcTc
ReRe
2525
4343
7575
107107
7B7B
FeFe
OsOs
2626
RuRu4444
7676
108108
8B8B
IrIr
4545
7777
CoCo
2727
RhRh
109109
8B8B
NiNi2828
PdPd
4646
PtPt7878
8B8B
CuCu
2929
AgAg4747
AuAu7979
1B1B3030
CdCd4848
8080
2B2B
GaGa3131
InIn4949
TlTl8181
BB55
AlAl1313
3A3A
GeGe3232
SnSn5050
PbPb8282
CC66
SiSi1414
4A4A
AsAs3333
SbSb5151
BiBi8383
NN77
PP1515
5A5A
SeSe3434
TeTe5252
PoPo8484
OO88
SS1616
6A6A
BrBr3535
II5353
AtAt8585
FF99
ClCl1717
7A7A
KrKr3636
XeXe5454
RnRn8686
NeNe1010
ArAr1818
HeHe228A8A
IE 1
IE 1
ZZ
HH
HeHe
LiLi
MgMg
AlAl
SiSi
PPSS
ClCl
ArAr
NaNa
BeBe
BB
CC
NNOO
FF
NeNe
KK
ZnZn
GaGa
GeGeSeSe
AsAsBrBr
KrKr
RbRb
ZnZn
BaBa5656
BeBe44
MgMg
1212
CaCa
2020
SrSr
3838
RaRa8888
2A2A
1A1A
HH11
LiLi33
NaNa
1111
KK
1919
RbRb
3737
CsCs
5555
FrFr8787
AcAc UnqUnq UnpUnp UnhUnh UnsUns UnoUno UneUne
HgHgLaLa5757
ScSc
2121
YY
3939
8989
3B3B
TiTi
2222
ZrZr4040
HfHf7272
104104
4B4B
VV
2323
NbNb
4141
TaTa7373
105105
5B5B
CrCr
2424
MoMo4242
WW7474
106106
6B6B
MnMn
TcTc
ReRe
2525
4343
7575
107107
7B7B
FeFe
OsOs
2626
RuRu4444
7676
108108
8B8B
IrIr
4545
7777
CoCo
2727
RhRh
109109
8B8B
NiNi2828
PdPd
4646
PtPt7878
8B8B
CuCu
2929
AgAg4747
AuAu7979
1B1B3030
CdCd4848
8080
2B2B
GaGa3131
InIn4949
TlTl8181
BB55
AlAl1313
3A3A
GeGe3232
SnSn5050
PbPb8282
CC66
SiSi1414
4A4A
AsAs3333
SbSb5151
BiBi8383
NN77
PP1515
5A5A
SeSe3434
TeTe5252
PoPo8484
OO88
SS1616
6A6A
BrBr3535
II5353
AtAt8585
FF99
ClCl1717
7A7A
KrKr3636
XeXe5454
RnRn8686
NeNe1010
ArAr1818
HeHe228A8A
1s1s222s2s11
1s1s222s2s22
IE 1
IE 1
ZZ
HH
HeHe
LiLi
MgMg
AlAl
SiSi
PPSS
ClCl
ArAr
NaNa
BeBe
BB
CC
NNOO
FF
NeNe
KK
ZnZn
GaGa
GeGeSeSe
AsAsBrBr
KrKr
RbRb
ZnZn
BaBa5656
BeBe44
MgMg
1212
CaCa
2020
SrSr
3838
RaRa8888
2A2A
1A1A
HH11
LiLi33
NaNa
1111
KK
1919
RbRb
3737
CsCs
5555
FrFr8787
AcAc UnqUnq UnpUnp UnhUnh UnsUns UnoUno UneUne
HgHgLaLa5757
ScSc
2121
YY
3939
8989
3B3B
TiTi
2222
ZrZr4040
HfHf7272
104104
4B4B
VV
2323
NbNb
4141
TaTa7373
105105
5B5B
CrCr
2424
MoMo4242
WW7474
106106
6B6B
MnMn
TcTc
ReRe
2525
4343
7575
107107
7B7B
FeFe
OsOs
2626
RuRu4444
7676
108108
8B8B
IrIr
4545
7777
CoCo
2727
RhRh
109109
8B8B
NiNi2828
PdPd
4646
PtPt7878
8B8B
CuCu
2929
AgAg4747
AuAu7979
1B1B3030
CdCd4848
8080
2B2B
GaGa3131
InIn4949
TlTl8181
BB55
AlAl1313
3A3A
GeGe3232
SnSn5050
PbPb8282
CC66
SiSi1414
4A4A
AsAs3333
SbSb5151
BiBi8383
NN77
PP1515
5A5A
SeSe3434
TeTe5252
PoPo8484
OO88
SS1616
6A6A
BrBr3535
II5353
AtAt8585
FF99
ClCl1717
7A7A
KrKr3636
XeXe5454
RnRn8686
NeNe1010
ArAr1818
HeHe228A8A
1s1s222s2s11
1s1s222s2s22
1s1s222s2s222p2p11
IE 1
IE 1
ZZ
HH
HeHe
LiLi
MgMg
AlAl
SiSi
PPSS
ClCl
ArAr
NaNa
BeBe
BB
CC
NNOO
FF
NeNe
KK
ZnZn
GaGa
GeGeSeSe
AsAsBrBr
KrKr
RbRb
ZnZn
BaBa5656
BeBe44
MgMg
1212
CaCa
2020
SrSr
3838
RaRa8888
2A2A
1A1A
HH11
LiLi33
NaNa
1111
KK
1919
RbRb
3737
CsCs
5555
FrFr8787
AcAc UnqUnq UnpUnp UnhUnh UnsUns UnoUno UneUne
HgHgLaLa5757
ScSc
2121
YY
3939
8989
3B3B
TiTi
2222
ZrZr4040
HfHf7272
104104
4B4B
VV
2323
NbNb
4141
TaTa7373
105105
5B5B
CrCr
2424
MoMo4242
WW7474
106106
6B6B
MnMn
TcTc
ReRe
2525
4343
7575
107107
7B7B
FeFe
OsOs
2626
RuRu4444
7676
108108
8B8B
IrIr
4545
7777
CoCo
2727
RhRh
109109
8B8B
NiNi2828
PdPd
4646
PtPt7878
8B8B
CuCu
2929
AgAg4747
AuAu7979
1B1B3030
CdCd4848
8080
2B2B
GaGa3131
InIn4949
TlTl8181
BB55
AlAl1313
3A3A
GeGe3232
SnSn5050
PbPb8282
CC66
SiSi1414
4A4A
AsAs3333
SbSb5151
BiBi8383
NN77
PP1515
5A5A
SeSe3434
TeTe5252
PoPo8484
OO88
SS1616
6A6A
BrBr3535
II5353
AtAt8585
FF99
ClCl1717
7A7A
KrKr3636
XeXe5454
RnRn8686
NeNe1010
ArAr1818
HeHe228A8A
1s1s222s2s11
1s1s222s2s22
1s1s222s2s222p2p11
2s2s222p2p22
IE 1
IE 1
ZZ
HH
HeHe
LiLi
MgMg
AlAl
SiSi
PPSS
ClCl
ArAr
NaNa
BeBe
BB
CC
NNOO
FF
NeNe
KK
ZnZn
GaGa
GeGeSeSe
AsAsBrBr
KrKr
RbRb
ZnZn
BaBa5656
BeBe44
MgMg
1212
CaCa
2020
SrSr
3838
RaRa8888
2A2A
1A1A
HH11
LiLi33
NaNa
1111
KK
1919
RbRb
3737
CsCs
5555
FrFr8787
AcAc UnqUnq UnpUnp UnhUnh UnsUns UnoUno UneUne
HgHgLaLa5757
ScSc
2121
YY
3939
8989
3B3B
TiTi
2222
ZrZr4040
HfHf7272
104104
4B4B
VV
2323
NbNb
4141
TaTa7373
105105
5B5B
CrCr
2424
MoMo4242
WW7474
106106
6B6B
MnMn
TcTc
ReRe
2525
4343
7575
107107
7B7B
FeFe
OsOs
2626
RuRu4444
7676
108108
8B8B
IrIr
4545
7777
CoCo
2727
RhRh
109109
8B8B
NiNi2828
PdPd
4646
PtPt7878
8B8B
CuCu
2929
AgAg4747
AuAu7979
1B1B3030
CdCd4848
8080
2B2B
GaGa3131
InIn4949
TlTl8181
BB55
AlAl1313
3A3A
GeGe3232
SnSn5050
PbPb8282
CC66
SiSi1414
4A4A
AsAs3333
SbSb5151
BiBi8383
NN77
PP1515
5A5A
SeSe3434
TeTe5252
PoPo8484
OO88
SS1616
6A6A
BrBr3535
II5353
AtAt8585
FF99
ClCl1717
7A7A
KrKr3636
XeXe5454
RnRn8686
NeNe1010
ArAr1818
HeHe228A8A
1s1s222s2s11
1s1s222s2s22
1s1s222s2s222p2p11
2s2s222p2p22
2p2p33
IE 1
IE 1
ZZ
HH
HeHe
LiLi
MgMg
AlAl
SiSi
PPSS
ClCl
ArAr
NaNa
BeBe
BB
CC
NNOO
FF
NeNe
KK
ZnZn
GaGa
GeGeSeSe
AsAsBrBr
KrKr
RbRb
ZnZn
BaBa5656
BeBe44
MgMg
1212
CaCa
2020
SrSr
3838
RaRa8888
2A2A
1A1A
HH11
LiLi33
NaNa
1111
KK
1919
RbRb
3737
CsCs
5555
FrFr8787
AcAc UnqUnq UnpUnp UnhUnh UnsUns UnoUno UneUne
HgHgLaLa5757
ScSc
2121
YY
3939
8989
3B3B
TiTi
2222
ZrZr4040
HfHf7272
104104
4B4B
VV
2323
NbNb
4141
TaTa7373
105105
5B5B
CrCr
2424
MoMo4242
WW7474
106106
6B6B
MnMn
TcTc
ReRe
2525
4343
7575
107107
7B7B
FeFe
OsOs
2626
RuRu4444
7676
108108
8B8B
IrIr
4545
7777
CoCo
2727
RhRh
109109
8B8B
NiNi2828
PdPd
4646
PtPt7878
8B8B
CuCu
2929
AgAg4747
AuAu7979
1B1B3030
CdCd4848
8080
2B2B
GaGa3131
InIn4949
TlTl8181
BB55
AlAl1313
3A3A
GeGe3232
SnSn5050
PbPb8282
CC66
SiSi1414
4A4A
AsAs3333
SbSb5151
BiBi8383
NN77
PP1515
5A5A
SeSe3434
TeTe5252
PoPo8484
OO88
SS1616
6A6A
BrBr3535
II5353
AtAt8585
FF99
ClCl1717
7A7A
KrKr3636
XeXe5454
RnRn8686
NeNe1010
ArAr1818
HeHe228A8A
1s1s222s2s11
1s1s222s2s22
1s1s222s2s222p2p11
2s2s222p2p22
2p2p33
2p2p44
IE 1
IE 1
ZZ
HH
HeHe
LiLi
MgMg
AlAl
SiSi
PPSS
ClCl
ArAr
NaNa
BeBe
BB
CC
NNOO
FF
NeNe
KK
ZnZn
GaGa
GeGeSeSe
AsAsBrBr
KrKr
RbRb
ZnZn
BaBa5656
BeBe44
MgMg
1212
CaCa
2020
SrSr
3838
RaRa8888
2A2A
1A1A
HH11
LiLi33
NaNa
1111
KK
1919
RbRb
3737
CsCs
5555
FrFr8787
AcAc UnqUnq UnpUnp UnhUnh UnsUns UnoUno UneUne
HgHgLaLa5757
ScSc
2121
YY
3939
8989
3B3B
TiTi
2222
ZrZr4040
HfHf7272
104104
4B4B
VV
2323
NbNb
4141
TaTa7373
105105
5B5B
CrCr
2424
MoMo4242
WW7474
106106
6B6B
MnMn
TcTc
ReRe
2525
4343
7575
107107
7B7B
FeFe
OsOs
2626
RuRu4444
7676
108108
8B8B
IrIr
4545
7777
CoCo
2727
RhRh
109109
8B8B
NiNi2828
PdPd
4646
PtPt7878
8B8B
CuCu
2929
AgAg4747
AuAu7979
1B1B3030
CdCd4848
8080
2B2B
GaGa3131
InIn4949
TlTl8181
BB55
AlAl1313
3A3A
GeGe3232
SnSn5050
PbPb8282
CC66
SiSi1414
4A4A
AsAs3333
SbSb5151
BiBi8383
NN77
PP1515
5A5A
SeSe3434
TeTe5252
PoPo8484
OO88
SS1616
6A6A
BrBr3535
II5353
AtAt8585
FF99
ClCl1717
7A7A
KrKr3636
XeXe5454
RnRn8686
NeNe1010
ArAr1818
HeHe228A8A
1s1s222s2s11
1s1s222s2s22
1s1s222s2s222p2p11
2s2s222p2p22
2p2p33
2p2p44
2p2p55
IE 1
IE 1
ZZ
HH
HeHe
LiLi
MgMg
AlAl
SiSi
PPSS
ClCl
ArAr
NaNa
BeBe
BB
CC
NNOO
FF
NeNe
KK
ZnZn
GaGa
GeGeSeSe
AsAsBrBr
KrKr
RbRb
ZnZn
BaBa5656
BeBe44
MgMg
1212
CaCa
2020
SrSr
3838
RaRa8888
2A2A
1A1A
HH11
LiLi33
NaNa
1111
KK
1919
RbRb
3737
CsCs
5555
FrFr8787
AcAc UnqUnq UnpUnp UnhUnh UnsUns UnoUno UneUne
HgHgLaLa5757
ScSc
2121
YY
3939
8989
3B3B
TiTi
2222
ZrZr4040
HfHf7272
104104
4B4B
VV
2323
NbNb
4141
TaTa7373
105105
5B5B
CrCr
2424
MoMo4242
WW7474
106106
6B6B
MnMn
TcTc
ReRe
2525
4343
7575
107107
7B7B
FeFe
OsOs
2626
RuRu4444
7676
108108
8B8B
IrIr
4545
7777
CoCo
2727
RhRh
109109
8B8B
NiNi2828
PdPd
4646
PtPt7878
8B8B
CuCu
2929
AgAg4747
AuAu7979
1B1B3030
CdCd4848
8080
2B2B
GaGa3131
InIn4949
TlTl8181
BB55
AlAl1313
3A3A
GeGe3232
SnSn5050
PbPb8282
CC66
SiSi1414
4A4A
AsAs3333
SbSb5151
BiBi8383
NN77
PP1515
5A5A
SeSe3434
TeTe5252
PoPo8484
OO88
SS1616
6A6A
BrBr3535
II5353
AtAt8585
FF99
ClCl1717
7A7A
KrKr3636
XeXe5454
RnRn8686
NeNe1010
ArAr1818
HeHe228A8A
1s1s222s2s11
1s1s222s2s22
1s1s222s2s222p2p11
2s2s222p2p22
2p2p33
2p2p44
2p2p55
2p2p66
Electron AffinityElectron Affinity
• the energy change associated with the energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom or iongaseous atom or ion
• usually exothermicusually exothermic
• eg F + eeg F + e–– F F––
• Na + eNa + e–– Na Na––
Ele
ctro
n A
ffin
ity
Ele
ctro
n A
ffin
ity
ZZ
HH
HeHe
LiLi
MgMg
AlAlSiSi
PP
SS
ClCl
ArAr
NaNa
BeBe
BB
CC
NN
OO
FF
NeNe
KK
CaCa
00
––
++
ZnZn
BaBa5656
BeBe44
MgMg
1212
CaCa
2020
SrSr
3838
RaRa8888
2A2A
1A1A
HH11
LiLi33
NaNa
1111
KK
1919
RbRb
3737
CsCs
5555
FrFr8787
AcAc UnqUnq UnpUnp UnhUnh UnsUns UnoUno UneUne
HgHgLLaa
5757
ScSc2121
YY3939
8989
3B3B
TiTi
2222
ZrZr4040
HfHf7272
104104
44BB
VV
2233
NbNb4141
TaTa7373
105105
5B5B
CrCr2244
MoMo4242
WW7474
106106
6B6B
MnMn
TcTc
ReRe
2525
4343
7575
107107
7B7B
FeFe
OsOs
2266
RuRu4444
7676
108108
8B8B
IrIr
4545
7777
CoCo2277
RhRh
109109
8B8B
NiNi2288
PdPd
4646
PtPt7878
8B8B
CuCu2299
AgAg4747
AuAu7979
1B1B3030
CdCd4848
8080
2B2B
GaGa3311
InIn4499
TlTl8181
BB55
AlAl1313
3A3A
GeGe3322
SnSn5050
PbPb8282
CC66
SiSi1414
4A4A
AsAs3333
SbSb5511
BiBi8383
NN77
PP1155
5A5A
SeSe3344
TeTe5522
PoPo8484
OO88
SS1616
6A6A
BrBr3355
II5353
AtAt8585
FF99
ClCl1177
7A7A
KrKr3636
XeXe5544
RnRn8686
NeNe1100
ArAr1818
HeHe228A8A
1s1s11
1s1s22
1s1s222s2s11
1s1s222s2s22
2s2s222p2p11
2s2s222p2p22
2s2s222p2p33
2s2s222p2p44
2s2s222p2p55
MetalsMetals NonmetalsNonmetals
solidsolid solid, liquid, or gassolid, liquid, or gas
malleable & ductilemalleable & ductile brittle if solidbrittle if solid
lose elose e–– cations cations gain egain e–– anions anions
oxides are basicoxides are basic oxides are acidicoxides are acidic
react with acids react with acids react with bases react with bases
to form salts to form salts to form saltsto form salts
photoelectric effect photoelectric effect nono
thermionic effect thermionic effect nono
metal oxide + water metal oxide + water metal hydroxide metal hydroxide
eg MgO + Heg MgO + H22O O Mg(OH) Mg(OH)22
nonmetal oxide + water nonmetal oxide + water oxoacid oxoacid
eg SOeg SO22 + H + H22O O H H22SOSO33
metal oxide + acid metal oxide + acid salt + water salt + water
eg CaO + 2HNOeg CaO + 2HNO33 Ca(NO Ca(NO33))22 + H + H22OO
nonmetal oxide + base nonmetal oxide + base salt + water salt + water
eg SOeg SO22 + Ba(OH) + Ba(OH)22 BaSO BaSO33 + H + H22OO
metal + nonmetal metal + nonmetal salt salt
eg 2 Na + Cleg 2 Na + Cl22 2NaCl 2NaCl
Trends in Metallic CharacterTrends in Metallic Character
• increases from right to left across increases from right to left across periodperiod
• increases down a group in main increases down a group in main groupgroup
Alkali MetalsAlkali Metalshave 1 valence ehave 1 valence e––
most metallic and reactivemost metallic and reactive
softsoft
low densitylow density
low tlow tmm (eg Cs, T (eg Cs, Tmm = 29°C) = 29°C)
Li is lightest metalLi is lightest metal
Li, Na, K less dense than waterLi, Na, K less dense than water
Na commonly used as cooling fluid Na commonly used as cooling fluid due to high thermal conductivity and due to high thermal conductivity and
large liquid range (97.5°C – 880°C)large liquid range (97.5°C – 880°C)
bright colors in flamesbright colors in flames
Li - redLi - red
Na - yellow, K - lilac, Rb - purple, Cs - blueNa - yellow, K - lilac, Rb - purple, Cs - blue
not found in elemental form in naturenot found in elemental form in nature
occur mostly as chlorides in salt deposits, in occur mostly as chlorides in salt deposits, in seawater, and in subterranean brinesseawater, and in subterranean brines
salt deposits have least soluble salts on salt deposits have least soluble salts on bottom and most soluble on topbottom and most soluble on top
alkali metal salts on top, eg rock salt (NaCl) alkali metal salts on top, eg rock salt (NaCl) and sylvite (KCl)and sylvite (KCl)
seawater contains ~0.48seawater contains ~0.48MM Na Na++
Reactions of the Alkali MetalsReactions of the Alkali Metals• VERY reactiveVERY reactive
• react violently with halogens to react violently with halogens to produce ionic halidesproduce ionic halides
eg 2K + Breg 2K + Br22 2KBr 2KBr
• react violently with hydrogen to react violently with hydrogen to produce ionic hydridesproduce ionic hydrides
eg 2Na + Heg 2Na + H22 2NaH 2NaH
• Lithium reacts with nitrogenLithium reacts with nitrogen
6Li + N6Li + N22 2Li 2Li33NN
• good reducing agentsgood reducing agents
Reactions With OxygenReactions With Oxygen4Li + O4Li + O22 2Li 2Li22OO
lithium oxidelithium oxide
4 Na + O4 Na + O22(limited) (limited) 2Na 2Na22OO
sodium oxidesodium oxide
oxide ion, Ooxide ion, O2–2–
2 Na + O2 Na + O22(xs) (xs) Na Na22OO22
sodium peroxidesodium peroxide
peroxide ion, Operoxide ion, O222–2–
K + OK + O22 KO KO22
potassium superoxidepotassium superoxide
superoxide ion, Osuperoxide ion, O22––
Rb + ORb + O22 RbO RbO22
rubidium superoxiderubidium superoxide
Cs + OCs + O22 CsO CsO22
cesium superoxidecesium superoxide
Alkali Metal CompoundsAlkali Metal Compounds
HydroxidesHydroxidesall alkali metals react violently with all alkali metals react violently with
water to form corresponding water to form corresponding hydroxide, hydrogen, and heathydroxide, hydrogen, and heat
2K + 2H2K + 2H22O O 2KOH + H 2KOH + H22 + +
alkali metal oxides also react with alkali metal oxides also react with water to form hydroxidewater to form hydroxide
LiLi22O + HO + H22O O 2LiOH 2LiOH
white, crystalline solids, strong baseswhite, crystalline solids, strong bases
deliquescentdeliquescent
(absorb enough water from (absorb enough water from atmosphere to dissolve themselves)atmosphere to dissolve themselves)
NaOHNaOH
sodium hydroxide, lye, caustic sodasodium hydroxide, lye, caustic soda
industrial baseindustrial base
used in production of textiles, used in production of textiles, cleaners, soap, paper, pulp, and in cleaners, soap, paper, pulp, and in
petroleum refiningpetroleum refining
Alkali Metal HalidesAlkali Metal Halides• colorless, crystalline solids (white)colorless, crystalline solids (white)• prepared byprepared by 1. direct combination of the elements1. direct combination of the elements
eg 2K + Cleg 2K + Cl22 2KCl 2KCl
2. reaction of acid with alkali metal 2. reaction of acid with alkali metal hydroxidehydroxide
eg CsOH + HCl eg CsOH + HCl CsCl + H CsCl + H22OO
• NaCl primary source of most Na and NaCl primary source of most Na and Cl Ctg. compounds. Used also in Cl Ctg. compounds. Used also in foods, HCl, NaOH, and Clfoods, HCl, NaOH, and Cl22 production production
CarbonatesCarbonatesKK22COCO33 potash potash
NaNa22COCO33 soda ash soda ash
NaNa22COCO33 used in manufacture of glass, used in manufacture of glass,
paper, detergents, and soap. In home paper, detergents, and soap. In home used for washing, cleaning, water used for washing, cleaning, water
softeningsoftening
SourcesSources• tronatrona
NaNa22COCO33..NaHCONaHCO33
..2H2H22OO
found in dry lake beds in Wyomingfound in dry lake beds in Wyoming
• solvay processsolvay process
CaCOCaCO33 + + CaO + COCaO + CO22
COCO22 + NaCl + H + NaCl + H22O + NHO + NH33NaHCONaHCO33 + +
NHNH44ClCl
CaO + 2NHCaO + 2NH44Cl Cl CaCl CaCl22 + H + H22O + 2NHO + 2NH33
Sodium BicarbonateSodium BicarbonateNaHCONaHCO33
sodium hydrogen carbonatesodium hydrogen carbonate
baking sodabaking soda
made by: COmade by: CO22 + NaOH + NaOH NaHCO NaHCO33
weak baseweak base
used in cooking and medicineused in cooking and medicine
baking powder: NaHCObaking powder: NaHCO33 + weak acid + weak acid
eg NaHeg NaH22POPO44
HCOHCO33–– + H + H++ CO CO22 + H + H22OO
2NaHCO2NaHCO33 + + NaNa22COCO33 + CO + CO22 + H + H22OO
Sodium Sulfate: NaSodium Sulfate: Na22SOSO44, paper production, paper production
Sodium Bisulfate: NaHSOSodium Bisulfate: NaHSO44, weak acid, used , weak acid, used
in cleanersin cleaners
Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metalsharderharder
more densemore dense
less reactiveless reactive
2 valence electrons2 valence electrons
form 2+ ionsform 2+ ions
Be & Mg have structural applicationsBe & Mg have structural applications
flame testsflame tests
Ca Ca orange-red orange-red
Sr Sr deep red deep red
Ba Ba pale green pale green
SourcesSourcesseawater, underground brines, salt depositsseawater, underground brines, salt deposits• MagnesiumMagnesium seawaterseawater
magnesite MgCOmagnesite MgCO33
dolomite MgCa(COdolomite MgCa(CO33))22
epsomite MgSOepsomite MgSO44..7H7H22OO
• CalciumCalcium
CaCOCaCO33 chalk, limestone, marble chalk, limestone, marble
hydroxyapatite Cahydroxyapatite Ca55(PO(PO44))33OHOH
Uses of MagnesiumUses of Magnesiumthe lightest structural metalthe lightest structural metal
aircraft, luggage, etc.aircraft, luggage, etc.
alloys even more usefulalloys even more useful
sacrificial anode for corrosion sacrificial anode for corrosion protectionprotection
pipepipewirewire
MgMgMg Mg Mg Mg2+2+ + 2e + 2e––
metal ship hullmetal ship hull
Mg platesMg plates Mg Mg Mg Mg2+2+ + 2e + 2e––
pipepipewirewire
MgMgMg Mg Mg Mg2+2+
metal ship hullmetal ship hull
Mg platesMg plates Mg Mg Mg Mg2+2+
2e2e––
2e2e––
pipepipewirewire
MgMgMg Mg Mg Mg2+2+
metal ship hullmetal ship hull
Mg platesMg plates Mg Mg Mg Mg2+2+
ee––
ee–– ee–– ee––
ee––ee––
Reactions and CompoundsReactions and Compounds• Be forms mostly covalent Be forms mostly covalent
compoundscompounds
• Mg forms some covalent compounds Mg forms some covalent compounds and some ionic compoundsand some ionic compounds
• others form mostly ionic compoundsothers form mostly ionic compounds
• all burn in air to form oxideall burn in air to form oxide
eg 2Ca + Oeg 2Ca + O22 2CaO 2CaO
• Mg also forms nitrideMg also forms nitride
3Mg + N3Mg + N22 Mg Mg33NN22
• Be will not react with cold water, hot Be will not react with cold water, hot water, or even with steamwater, or even with steam
• Mg will react with hot water and with Mg will react with hot water and with steamsteam
Mg + 2HMg + 2H22OO(l)(l)(hot) (hot) Mg(OH) Mg(OH)22 + H + H22
Mg + HMg + H22OO(g)(g) MgO + H MgO + H22
• all other alkaline earth metals will also all other alkaline earth metals will also react with cold waterreact with cold water
eg Ca + 2Heg Ca + 2H22O O Ca(OH) Ca(OH)22 + H + H22
Calcium CarbonateCalcium Carbonate
chalk, marble, limestonechalk, marble, limestone
LimeLimeCaCOCaCO33 + + CaO + COCaO + CO22
used in steel makingused in steel making
in farming used to neutralize acid in soil and in farming used to neutralize acid in soil and provide calciumprovide calcium
water treatmentwater treatment
CaO + HCaO + H22O O Ca(OH) Ca(OH)22
3Ca(OH)3Ca(OH)22 + 2AlCl + 2AlCl33 2Al(OH) 2Al(OH)33 + 3CaCl + 3CaCl22
MortarMortar
CaO, water, and sandCaO, water, and sand
CaO + HCaO + H22O O Ca(OH) Ca(OH)22
Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22 + CO + CO22 CaCO CaCO33 + H + H22OO
Water SofteningWater Softening
Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22 Ca Ca2+2+ + 2OH + 2OH––
2HCO2HCO33–– + 2OH + 2OH–– 2CO 2CO33
2–2– + 2 H + 2 H22OO
CaCa2+2+ + CO + CO332–2– CaCO CaCO3(s)3(s)
MgMg2+2+ + CO + CO332–2– MgCO MgCO3(s)3(s)
Calcium ChlorideCalcium Chloride
CaCOCaCO33 + 2HCl + 2HCl CaCl CaCl22 + H + H22O + COO + CO22
used in de-icing roadsused in de-icing roads
deliquescentdeliquescent
used for dust controlused for dust control
drying agentdrying agent
CaClCaCl22..HH22O, CaClO, CaCl22
..2H2H22O, CaClO, CaCl22..6H6H22OO
Bones and TeethBones and Teeth
• hydroxyapatitehydroxyapatite
CaCa55(PO(PO44))33OHOH
• fluoride treatmentfluoride treatment
CaCa55(PO(PO44))33OH + FOH + F–– Ca Ca55(PO(PO44))33F + OHF + OH––
hydroxyapatite fluoroapatitehydroxyapatite fluoroapatite
• fluoroapatite, weak base, less fluoroapatite, weak base, less soluble than hydroxyapatitesoluble than hydroxyapatite
• Ca needed for vision, maintaining heart Ca needed for vision, maintaining heart rythm, blood clottingrythm, blood clotting
• Mg needed for enzymes, nerve impulse Mg needed for enzymes, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, CH transmission, muscle contraction, CH metabolism, photosynthesismetabolism, photosynthesis
• Be and Ba highly toxicBe and Ba highly toxic
• Be light and strong, structuralBe light and strong, structural
• BaSOBaSO44 highly insoluble, opaque to x- highly insoluble, opaque to x-
rays, used as x-ray contrast mediumrays, used as x-ray contrast medium
HydrogenHydrogen1s1s11
most abundant element in universe, 9most abundant element in universe, 9 thth in in Earth’s crustEarth’s crust
does not belong to any groupdoes not belong to any group
nonmetalnonmetal
colorless, odorless gas, Hcolorless, odorless gas, H22, nontoxic but will , nontoxic but will
not support lifenot support life
forms molecular compounds with forms molecular compounds with nonmetals, eg Hnonmetals, eg H22OO
reacts with active metals to form solid metal reacts with active metals to form solid metal hydrides (Hhydrides (H––))
Compounds of HydrogenCompounds of Hydrogen• reacts with metals to form hydrides, eg. reacts with metals to form hydrides, eg.
NaH, MgHNaH, MgH22
• reacts with nonmetals to form covalent reacts with nonmetals to form covalent compounds, eg. Hcompounds, eg. H22O, CHO, CH44
• WaterWater
HH22 + 1/2O + 1/2O22 H H22O O H = –286 kJH = –286 kJ
rocket fuelrocket fuel
mixtures of Hmixtures of H22 and O and O22 explosive explosive
AmmoniaAmmonia• made by Haber processmade by Haber process
NN22 + 3 H + 3 H22 2NH 2NH3(g)3(g)
high pressure, high T, catalysthigh pressure, high T, catalyst
• colorless gas, foul odor, irritatingcolorless gas, foul odor, irritating
• primary use - fertilizer, pure or converted primary use - fertilizer, pure or converted to (NHto (NH44))22SOSO44, (NH, (NH44))22HPOHPO44, or urea (NH, or urea (NH22))22COCO
• cleaning agentcleaning agent
MethaneMethane
• CHCH44
• colorless, odorless, tasteless gascolorless, odorless, tasteless gas
• primary source - natural gasprimary source - natural gas
• primary use - fuelprimary use - fuel
ChalcogensChalcogens6 valence electrons6 valence electrons
form 2– ions (except for Te and Po)form 2– ions (except for Te and Po)
oxygen: colorless, odorless gas, nonmetaloxygen: colorless, odorless gas, nonmetal
sulfur: yellow solid, nonmetalsulfur: yellow solid, nonmetal
selenium: solid, nonmetalselenium: solid, nonmetal
tellurium: solid, metalloidtellurium: solid, metalloid
polonium: solid, radioactive, metalpolonium: solid, radioactive, metal
OxygenOxygen2 allotropes2 allotropes
OO22 oxygen, colorless, odorless, tasteless oxygen, colorless, odorless, tasteless
gas, nontoxic, supports lifegas, nontoxic, supports life
OO33 ozone, pale blue gas, pungent odor, ozone, pale blue gas, pungent odor,
toxictoxic
ProductionProduction• Liquefication of AirLiquefication of Air
air cooled to liquefy, components air cooled to liquefy, components separated by distillationseparated by distillation
• Electrolysis of WaterElectrolysis of Water
very pure oxygen, expensivevery pure oxygen, expensive
• Heating of Potassium ChlorateHeating of Potassium Chlorate
in presence of MnOin presence of MnO22 catalyst catalyst
small scalesmall scale
2KClO2KClO3(s)3(s) 2KCl 2KCl(s)(s) + 3O + 3O22
• oxygen reacts directly with most other oxygen reacts directly with most other elements, combustionelements, combustion
• only noble gases, Au, and Pt will not only noble gases, Au, and Pt will not react directly with oxygenreact directly with oxygen
• generally exothermicgenerally exothermic
• produces oxides, eg. COproduces oxides, eg. CO22, MgO, H, MgO, H22O, SOO, SO22
SulfurSulfur• found as free element in volcanic regionsfound as free element in volcanic regions
• yellow solid, Syellow solid, S88
• brimstonebrimstone
• found also combined, anhydrite (CaSOfound also combined, anhydrite (CaSO44))
• most productive deposits in TX and LAmost productive deposits in TX and LA
• mined by the Frasch processmined by the Frasch process
Frasch ProcessFrasch Processcompressed aircompressed air
150°C H150°C H22OOsolid sulfursolid sulfur
liquid sulfurliquid sulfur
liquefied sulfurliquefied sulfur
solid sulfur & soilsolid sulfur & soil
99.5% pure99.5% pure
• gypsum, CaSOgypsum, CaSO44..2H2H22OO
• pyrite, FeSpyrite, FeS22
• galena, PbS, important source of Pbgalena, PbS, important source of Pb
• chalcocite, Cuchalcocite, Cu22S, important source of CuS, important source of Cu
• smeltingsmelting
CuCu22S + OS + O22 2Cu + SO 2Cu + SO22
SOSO22 + H + H22S S S S88 + H + H22OO