chapter 7 life in the new nation chapter 8 growth of a national economy
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Chapter 7 Life in the New Nation Chapter 8 Growth of a national Economy. With independence from G.B., Americans gained the right to determine their own destiny. American Scholars and Artists. Mercy Otis Warren Hosted political meeting in her Plymouth home - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 7 Life in the New NationChapter 8 Growth of a national
Economy
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With independence from G.B., Americans gained the right to determine their own destiny.
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◦Mercy Otis WarrenHosted political meeting in her Plymouth home
Wrote several plays encouraging independence
Encouraged other women to take up scholarly interests
American Scholars and Artists
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Benjamin Rush◦Doctor, Scientist, & Revolutionary◦Signed the Declaration of Independence
◦represented PA in the Continental Congress
◦Study and teachings of medicine in Philadelphia.
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Benjamin Banneker◦Writer, inventor, mathematician, & astronomer
◦Published first almanac
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Charles Willson Peale◦Skilled artist, soldier, PA representative, scientist, & inventor
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Phillis Wheatley◦Enslaved as a child but was taught to read & write
◦Published poet
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Self reliance, hard work, frugality, harmony, & sacrificing individual needs for the good of the community
Looked for women to set the standards◦Could teach these qualities to men◦Schools started educating females to
support the Republicans
Republican Virtues
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1780- population 2.7 million 1830- population 12 million in 24 states About 90% came from births Average family had 5 kids Declined to 3 by 1870 High infant mortality rate
◦130 of every 1,000 births Median age was 17 in 1820
Social Changes
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Women preferred a long period of getting acquainted with suitors before they committed to marry
Courtship◦Used by women to get to know a potential partner & to negotiate the terms of their future life together
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For most women getting married was a matter of survival
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Church membership declining in the 1790’s. States started cutting support
The Second Great Awakening Began in KY & TN & attracted a large
number of people
Religious renewal
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Baptists◦Named for their beliefs about baptism
◦Only those who are old enough to understand Christian beliefs should be baptized
◦Baptism by dunking people completely under water
New Denominations
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Methodists◦Grew out of the beliefs of British Minister
John Wesley◦Attracted followers because Focuses on the person’s relationship with
God Preachers were common folk
Spread their message through a system of traveling ministers called circuit riders
Held frequent & exciting camp meetings
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Unitarians◦ believed that Jesus was a human messenger of God but not divine himself
◦God is a loving father, not a stern judge
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Mormons◦Book of Mormon by Joseph Smith◦Foretold that God would soon restore a truer, simpler church, free of ministers
◦Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
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Millennialists◦William Miller determined that Jesus would
return to the world◦March 1843 Called the Advent or the Second Coming
Preached that only the people who knew of the Advent ahead of time & believed in it would be saved & go to heaven
Followers were called Millerites or Adventists Number between 50,000 & 100,000
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U.S. need room to expand the trans-Appalachia area is where Americans settled in early 1800’s.
Crossing the Appalachians
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Several main roads west From Northeast- Mohawk trail into west NY From Philadelphia- Forber’s Road to Pittsburgh
& then voyage west on the Ohio River From Baltimore- went to Pittsburgh on
Braddocks Road From Mid- Atlantic States- Cumberland Road or
National Road From South- Great Valley Road or Richmond
Road
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Daniel Boone◦Employed to cut Wilderness Rd through the Cumberland Gap
◦1792- 75,000 pioneers settled in Kentucky
◦Became the 15th state
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Diverse people settled in trans Appalachian◦ Young energetic generation crossed.
Settling the Wilderness
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Americans already occupied Florida. Spain saw little hope of keeping Florida and
decided to get whatever it could in exchange for land.
Spain & the US agreed to control the Natives living within their borders & to prevent them from attacking each other’s territories
Expanding into Florida
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January 1848- gold was discovered August- 4,000 gold crazed prospectors swarmed
the land Mostly unmarried men
◦ 10% were Chinese Impact on California
◦ Bad for Natives◦ Made them slaves in their mines
Gold Rush
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Brought commercial prosperity to cities along the Pacific Coast
Mining towns usually had short lives Ghost towns Number 1 important in attracting settlers
to the West- Gold Strike of Sutter Mill
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Plains Indians◦Nomadic◦Hunted bison◦The Impact of the horse◦Natives acquired them through trade & raids on Spanish settlements
◦Changed most about Native life
The Great Plains & The South West
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Nature of warfare & the division of labor Some groups didn’t change their ways,
while for others the horse completely changed their way of living
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Some nomadic groups developed into warrior cultures
Comanche drove the Apache & Navajo into Spanish New Mexico
Controlled the southern plains Agricultural natives suffered because they
were caught between settlers & nomadic groups
The Decline of Villages
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Stephen Austin received permission from the Mexican government to fund a colony for hundred’s of families & east Texas◦By 1825 1,800 people moved there
Texas fights for Independence
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Found fertile land for growing cotton Mexican policy promised cheap land,
protection of the Mexican government & a multiyear tax break if they settled in Mexico
1830 Americans outnumbered the Mexicans Government worried that they were losing
Texas through immigration◦Passed a law prohibiting further American
settlement & outlawed the importation of slaves
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By 1835 30,000 Americans lived in Texas◦Demanded more political control
1833- Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna took power in Mexico (made himself dictator)◦More demand for self government
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October 1835 start of the War for Independence◦Sam Houston was named Commander in Chief
Santa Anna led an army to put down the rebels
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Battle of the Alamo◦Less than 200 Texans prepared to resist Santa Anna
◦Lasted 13 days◦Texans inflicted heavy casualties on 4,000 Mexicans
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Morning March 6th, Mexican soldiers forced their way inside◦Ordered to take no prisoners180 Texans dead
March 2, 1836 Rebels declared TX independent
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By the end of the month, seemed it was going to fall◦Santa Anna divided his force to finish off the rebels
April 21st the rebels surprised Santa Anna◦Rally cries of “Remember the Alamo”
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Captured Santa Anna Forced him to sign the Treaty of Velasco &
recognized the republic of Texas Later renounced the Treaty but didn’t try
to retake Texas Elected Sam Houston President