CE-287 – Collaborative SystemsChapter 7Designing collaborative applications

Msc. Mauro Pichiliani

Email: pichilia@ita.br

@pichiliani

http://pichiliani.com.br

GOAL

Present important topics about models, design, awareness, and architectures of synchronous

collaborative applications

OVERVIEW Models Beyong Being There Desining synchronous CSCW Awareness Approaches Architectures Demonstrations Conclusions

MODELS – CSCW MATRIX

Time x Space [Ellis 91]

Time x Space x Previsibility [Grudin 94]

Time x Space x Group size [Nunamaker 91]

MODELS

Prisioner’s dilemma

3C Collaboration model

3C Collaboration model

BEYOND BEING THERE

A seminal paper by Hollan and Stornetta [Holland and Stornetta 91]

Question: “(…) those at a distance will be at no real disadvantage to those colocated?”

Not about the quality, but about the imitation of the ‘being there’ felling

Analogy: crutches (broken leg) x shoes (enhance performance)

Other characteristics: anonymity, semisynchronous discussions, feedback, archiving, and others

DESINING – WHY CSCW APPS FAIL?

[Grudin 88] discussed problems in the design and evalution of organizational interfaces:

Disparity among user’s benefits and extra work

Problems with intuitive decision-making (managers)

Underestimating dificulty of evaluting CSCW applications

DESINING – COMMON CHARACTERISTICS

Synchronous CSCW has some well-know and common characteristics [Ellis et al. 89]:

Short response times Real-time notifications Distributed environment Volatile participation Ad hoc information access High degree of access conflicts Connection by external channel (audio or

video)

DESINING CSCW – 8 CHALLENGES

[Grudin 94] list 8 challenges for CSCW developers:

1. Disparity in work and benefit 2. Critical mass and the Prisioner’s dilemma problems 3. Disruption of social processes 4. Exception handling 5. Unobtrusive accessibility 6. Difficulty in evaluation 7. Failure of intuition 8. The adoption process

DESINING CSCW – APPROCHES

Ad hoc implementation

Toolkits [Greenberg & Roseman 98]

Component-based approches [Begole et al. 99]

Collaboration Transparent Systems (CTS) Screen sharing – 1º generation [MS NetMeeting] Intelligent Collaboration Transparency (ICT) and ICT 2

– 2º generation [Li & Li 2002]

Transparent Adaptation (T.A.) [Xia et al. 2004]

Mapping of Components [Pichiliani & Hirata 2006]

AWARENESS – EARLY STUDIES

[Heath & Luff 92] studied the coordination of activities of London Control Rooms (trains)

Two actors: Line controller’s and DIA

Seat side by side without direct communication

Awareness by indirect interation: listen to conversations, gaze direction, monitoring displays, and indirect cues

Implicit actions to coordinate the tasks: unobtrusive awareness

Many implications for the design of CSCW applications

Social focus on communication and coordination

AWARENESS – SHARED WORK SPACES Awareness: “(…) understanding of the

activities of others, which provides a context for your own activity.” [Dourish & Bellotti 92]

Argue that the user must not explicit provide awareness information

Focus on synchronous collaborative writing systems (ShrEdit)

Shared feedback: Information about individual activities by presenting feedback on operations within the shared workspace

[Greenberg et al. 96]

AWARENESS – WIDGETS (1)

c) Multi-user scrollbars [MUS]

b) Telepointers [Telepointers]

a) Telecarets [Telecarets]

d) RadarView [Radar] f) FishEyeView [FishE]

e) Read and Write Shadows [RWS]

DragMag View [DMG] Two-level view [TLV]

Audio cues [Gaver 91], [Kansas 2008] Widgets x Focus of attention Few studies about gaze awareness in CSCW. Example: [Vertegal & Ding 2002]

AWARENESS – WIDGETS (2)

AWARENESS – TELEEYE MOO [Pichiliani et al. 2008]:

Hardware

Iris detection application

Two users wearing the MOO eye Tracker

User’s A Workspace User’s B Workspace

ARCHITECTURES

“The architecture of a collaborative application is characterized by the modules, layers, replicas, threads, and processes into which the application is decomposed; the awareness in these components of collaboration functions; and the interaction

among these components.” [Dewan 99]

Decomposition of the system into components

Synchronous, Assynchronous, Multi-synchronous and Quasi-synchronous

WYSIWIS x relaxed WYSIWIS x WYSIWYG

Many architectural models

ARCHITECTURES – EXAMPLES

Generic Collaboration

architecture [Dewan 95]

PAC* architectural model[Galvary 97] Clover architectural model

[Laurillau 2002]

ARCHITECTURES – DISTRIBUTION

Distributed system aspects in the architecture for synchronous groupware [Phillips 99]:

Centralized: “(…)application on a single server and only the display services are found at the users’ sites.”

Replicated: “(…) all data and computation is replicated at all sites”

Semi-replicated: “(…) some aspects of computation and state are replicated while others are centralized.”

Flexible: “(…) adjust the run time distribution architecture to suit application needs.”

Many variations of these basic distribution architectures

ARCHITECTURES – MVC ACHITECTURES

A classification of architectures in the MVC architectural style [Suthers 2001]:

Centralized architecture

Replicated architecture

Distributed architecture

Hybrid architecture

APPLICATIONS – DEMONSTRATION

CoArgoUML [Pichiliani & Hirata 2006] CoPhysics Illustrator [Pichiliani & Hirata 2009]

CoTuxGuitar [Pichiliani & Hirata 2009]

CONCLUSIONS Collaboration models help the design from the

theoretical point of view

Designers must provide more than the immitation of face to face meetings

Design of synchronous applications have many challenges (and opportunities)

Awareness is a central focus for communication, coordination and cooperation

Different approches for developer synchronous CSCW applications

Architectures help organize and distribute the components

REFERENCES – ITA CSCW [Pichiliani & Hirata 2006] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M. A Guide to map application

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[Pichiliani & Hirata 2007] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M. Multi-Level Locks to Control Collaborative Modeling Sessions. Third International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom 2007), White Plains, New York, EUA, Novembro de 2007.

[Pichiliani et al. 2008] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M., Soares, Fabricio S., Forster, Carlos H. Q. TeleEye: an Awareness Widget for providing the Focus of Attention in Collaborative Editing Systems. Forth International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom 2008), Orlando, Florida, EUA, Novembro de 2008.

[Pichiliani & Hirata 2009] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M. A Technical Comparison of the Existing Approaches to Support Collaboration in Non-Collaborative Applications. Proceedings of the 2009 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS 2009), Baltimore, Maryland, EUA, Maio de 2009, pp. 314-321.

[Berkenbrock et al. 2009] Berkenbrock, Carla D. M., Hirata, Celso M. , Fernandes, Clovis T., Pichiliani, Mauro C. Requisitos de Usabilidade para o Desenvolvimento e Avaliação de Aplicações Cooperativas Móveis. Artigo publicado no VI Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Colaborativos (SBSC), pp.10-18, Fortaleza, Outubro de 2009.

[Pichiliani & Hirata 2009] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M., A Digital Ink Sketch-Based Application for Collaborative Design and Kinematic Simulation. Artigo publicado no VI Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Colaborativos (SBSC), pp. 1-9, Fortaleza, Outubro de 2009.

[Pichiliani & Hirata 2009] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M. A Tabletop Groupware System for Computer-based Music Composition. Fifth International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom 2009), Washington D. C., EUA, Novembro de 2009.

[Berkenbrock et al. 2010] Berkenbrock, C., Silva, A. P. C., Hirata C. M., Fernandes, C., Pichiliani, M.C. Investigando o Anonimato de Usuários num Ambiente Colocalizado utilizando um Groupware Móvel. Artigo publicado no VII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Colaborativos (SBSC), Minas Gerais, Outubro de 2010.

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[Ellis 91] ] ELLIS, Clarence; GIBBS, S. J; REIN, G. L. Groupware: some issues and experiences. Communications of the ACM, v.34, n.1, p.38-58, jan., 1991.

[Dewan 95] DEWAN, Prasun. Multiuser architectures. In: Proceedings of the IFIP TC2/WG2.7 Working Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction, p.247-270, 1995.

[Dewan 99] Dewan, P. . Computer Supported Co-Operative Work. 1, ed. Nova York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999. Chapter 7

[DMG] Gutwin, C., Greenberg, S.: Focus and Awareness in Groupware. In: Video Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Washington, U.S.A. (1998)

[FishE] Greenberg, S., Gutwin, C., Cockburn, A.: Awareness Through Fisheye Views in Relaxed-WYSIWIS Groupware. In: Proceedings of the 1996 Graphics Interface, pp. 28-38, Toronto, Canada (1996)

[Galvary 97] CALVARY, Gaëlle; COUTAZ Joëlle; NIGAY, Laurence. From single-user architectural design to PAC*: A generic software architecture model for CSCW. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.242-249, 1997.

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[Greenberg & Roseman 98] Greenberg, S., Roseman, M.: Groupware Toolkits for Synchronous Work. John Wiley & Sons, New York (1998)

[Grudin 88] Grudin, J. Why CSCW applications fail: Problems in the design and evaluation of organizational interfaces. 1988. Proc. CSCW 88, 31, 85-93.

[Grudin 94] GRUDIN, Jonhatan. Computer Supported Collaborative Work: History and Focus, IEEE Computer, vol.27, n.5, p.19-26, 1994.

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London Underground Control Rooms. Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Bannon, L., Robinson, M. & Schmidt, K. (Editors) September 25-27,1991, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

[Holland and Stornetta 92] Hollan, J., Stornetta, S. Beyond being there. Proceeding CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Pages 119 – 125 ACM New York, NY, USA ©1992

[Kansas 2008] The Kansas Project, http://research.sun.com/ics/kansas.html

[Laurillau 2002] LAURILLAU, Yann; NIGAY, Laurence. Clover Architecture for Groupware. In: Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'02), New Orleans, Lousiana, E.U.A., p.236-245, 2002.

[Li & Li 2002] Li, D., Li, R.: Transparent sharing and interoperation of heterogeneous single-user applications. In: Proceedings of the 5th ACM CSCW Conference. New York, USA, pp. 246-255 (2002)

[MS NetMeeting] Windows Meeting Space, http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-vista/What-is-Windows-Meeting-Space

[MUS] Hill, J., Gutwin, C.: The MAUI Toolkit: Groupware Widgets for Group Awareness. Journal of Computer Supported Cooperative Work, vol. 13 number 5-6, 539-571 (2004)

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[Phillips 99] Phillips, W. G. Architectures for Synchronous Groupware. Technical Report 1999-425. Department of Computing and Information Science Queen’s University.

[Radar] Greenberg, S., Roseman, M.: Groupware Toolkits for Synchronous Work. John Wiley & Sons, New York (1998)

[RWS] Sasa, J., Dewan, P., Rui, Y.: Read, Write, and Navigation Awareness in Realistic Multi-View Collaborations. In: Proceedings of the 3nd International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing, pp. 494-503, New York, U.S.A. (2007)

[Suthers 2001] SUTHERS, Daniel D. Architectures for Computer Supported Collaborative Learning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT 2001), New Orleans, Lousiana, E.U.A., p.6-8, 2001.

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[TLV] Greenberg, S., Roseman, M.: Groupware Toolkits for Synchronous Work. John Wiley & Sons, New York (1998)

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