chapter 7 alkenes: structure and reactivity
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Chapter 7 Alkenes: Structure and Reactivity. 7.2 Calculating Degree of Unsaturation. Relates molecular formula to possible structures Degree of unsaturation : number of multiple bonds or rings Formula for a saturated acyclic compound is C n H 2n+2 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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John E. McMurry
www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry
Paul D. Adams • University of Arkansas
Chapter 7Alkenes: Structure and Reactivity
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7.2 Calculating Degree of Unsaturation Relates molecular formula to possible structures Degree of unsaturation: number of multiple bonds or rings Formula for a saturated acyclic compound is CnH2n+2
Alkene has fewer hydrogens than an alkane with the same number of carbons —CnH2n because of double bond
Each ring or multiple bond replaces 2 H's
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Example: C6H10
Saturated is C6H14
therefore 4 H's are not present This has two degrees of unsaturation
Two double bonds? or triple bond? or two rings? or ring and double bond?
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Degree of Unsaturation With Other Elements
Organohalogens (X: F, Cl, Br, I) Halogen replaces hydrogen
C4H6Br2 and C4H8 have one degree of unsaturation
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Degree of Unsaturation (Continued) Organoxygen compounds (C,H,O) – Oxygen forms 2
bonds these don't affect the formula of equivalent
hydrocarbons May be ignored in calculating degrees of
unsaturation
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Organonitrogen Compounds
Nitrogen has three bonds So if it connects where H was, it adds a connection
point Subtract one H for equivalent degree of
unsaturation in hydrocarbon
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Count pairs of H's below CnH2n+2
Add number of halogens to number of H's (X equivalent to H)
Ignore oxygens (oxygen links H) Subtract N's - they have two connections
Summary - Degree of Unsaturation
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7.4 Cis-Trans Isomerism in Alkenes Carbon atoms in a double bond are sp2-hybridized
Three equivalent orbitals at 120º separation in plane Fourth orbital is atomic p orbital
Combination of electrons in two sp2 orbitals of two atoms forms bond between them
Additive interaction of p orbitals creates a bonding orbital Subtractive interaction creates a anti-bonding orbital
Occupied orbital prevents rotation about -bond Rotation prevented by bond - high barrier, about 268
kJ/mole in ethylene
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Rotation of bond is prohibitive This prevents rotation about a carbon-carbon double
bond (unlike a carbon-carbon single bond). Creates possible alternative structures
Cis-Trans Isomerism in Alkenes (Continued)
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the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond can create two possible structures cis isomer - two similar groups on same side of the double
bond trans isomer - similar groups on opposite sides
Each carbon must have two different groups for these isomers to occur
Cis-Trans Isomerism in Alkenes (Continued)
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Cis-Trans Isomerism in Alkenes (Continued)
Cis-Trans Isomerization requires that end groups differ in pairs
Bottom pair cannot be superposed without breaking C=C
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7.5 Alkene Stereochemistry and the E,Z Designation
Cis-Trans naming system discussed thus far only works with disubstituted alkenes
Tri- and Tetra substituted double bonds require more general method
Method referred to as the E,Z system
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Alkene Stereochemistry and the E,Z Designation (Continued): E,Z Stereochemical Nomenclature
Priority rules of Cahn, Ingold, and Prelog
Compare where higher priority groups are with respect to bond and designate as prefix
E -entgegen, opposite sides
Z - zusammen, together on the same side
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Alkene Stereochemistry and the E,Z Designation (Continued): Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules
RULE 1 Must rank atoms that are connected at comparison
point Higher atomic number gets higher priority
Br > Cl > S > P > O > N > C > H
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RULE 2 If atomic numbers are the same, compare at next connection
point at same distance Compare until something has higher atomic number Do not combine – always compare
Alkene Stereochemistry and the E,Z Designation (Continued): Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules
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RULE 3 Multiple-bonded atoms are equivalent to the same number of
single-bonded atoms Substituent is drawn with connections shown and no double or
triple bonds Added atoms are valued with 0 ligands themselves
Alkene Stereochemistry and the E,Z Designation (Continued): Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules
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7.6 Stability of Alkenes
Cis alkenes are less stable than trans alkenes Compare heat given off on hydrogenation: Ho
Less stable isomer is higher in energy And gives off more heat hyperconjugation of R groups stabilize the pi bond
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Effects of Increasing Alkene Substitution
Increasing substitution on alkene carbon atoms increases stability.
This will become very important when we begin to look at possible products resulting from elimination reactions.
18
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Stability of Alkenes (Continued): Hyperconjugation
Electrons in neighboring filled orbital stabilize vacant antibonding orbital – net positive interaction
Alkyl groups are better than H