unit twoPlant Structure, Chemistry, Growth, Development, Genetics, Biodiversity, and Processes6 Structure of Higher Plants7 Plant Growth & Development8 Plant Chemistry & Metabolism9 Genetics & Propagation10 Cultivated Plants: Naming, Classifying, Origin, Improvement & Germplasm Diversity and Preservation 11 Photosynthesis & Respiration12 Water Relations13 Mineral Nutrition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Know the difference between plant growth and plant development & understand ways to measure each.KEY LEARNING CONCEPTSUnderstand the factors that affect plant growth and development and what the effects are.Understand how those factors can be manipulated to control plant growth and development.Recognize the categories of plant hormones, understand their role in plant growth and development, and how they are used to control plant growth and development.

After reading this chapter, you should be able to:

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Definitions and MeasurementsPlant growth: A product of living cells, growth is an irreversible increase in volume or dry weight (biomass).

Growth can be measured as increase in fresh or dry weight, or in volume, length, height, or surface area.

size increase by cell division and enlargement, including synthesis of new cellular material and organization of subcellular organelles.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Stages of DevelopmentSeed germination

growth of vegetative organs & tissues.

Initiation and maturation of reproductive organs and tissues

Fertilization, seed development and maturation

Senescence and death

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

How the Plant GrowsDicot shoot growth points: meristematic cells in vegetative buds at the shoot tips capable of producing millions of cells along a longitudinal axis.Division, elongation & expansion, causes shoot growth.

Similar meristematic cells are also located in the root tip, just behind the root cap.

Vegetative apical meristems can become reproductive meristems to produce the floral parts needed for seed production.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Factors Affecting Plant Growth and DevelopmentDeveloping plant under control of genes inherited from the parents Genes direct protein synthesisEnzymesStructural proteins (transcription factors)

Cell type, environmental conditions, and stage of development control gene activity.Genes are activated and deactivated, depending on signals received in the nucleus.

Transcription factors turn on and off genes.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Factors Affecting Plant Growth and DevelopmentWhat triggers regulatory genes? May include:Plant hormonesCertain inorganic ions CoenzymesOther metabolites.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Factors Affecting Plant Growth and DevelopmentHormones:AuxinGibberellinCytokininEthyleneABA kind of

Environmental factors temperature or light

Techniques to control plant growth and development work by activating & deactivating gene transcription.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Factors Affecting Plant Growth and DevelopmentThe sun is the source of energy for photosynthesis.A wavelength within 400 to 700 nm is visible light and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR).

Plants have many mechanisms to efficiently capture light for photosynthesis

Radiation can be:Lost by absorption RefractedScattered resulting in reflection of light back to space

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - LightThe amount of light reaching earths surface also depends on the angle of incidence, the angle that a beam of sunlight, makes with the earths surface.An angle of incidence of 90 has the maximum amount of light striking an area spreading it out over a greater region

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - LightAs the angle of incidence decreases from 90 a greater proportion of the incident light is reflected, which explains why so much more sunlight is reflected around sunrise and sunset than at midday.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - LightAngle of incidence of sunlight has two major crop effects:Some plants compensate for reduced light intensity & increased reflection by heliotropic movements.Used by numerous species to both increase and decrease amount of sunlight intercepted by a leaf

Helianthus annus (sunflower) gets its name from its ability to keep its flowers facing the sun all day.It affects the intensity of light

It affects the quality of light

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - Light QualityLight quality: relative quantity of individual component wavelengths AKA: spectral composition or spectral distribution.

Individual plant processes have narrow spectral requirements.Blue & red light at 440 & 650 nm, respectively, are much more effective in driving photosynthesis than is green light.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - Light QualityPhotomorphogenesis Light driven processes that produce plant shape or form, Seed germination; De-etiolation; Stem growth.A factor distinguishing photomorphogenic response from photosynthesis is insensitivity to light intensity.

Photomorphogenic responses are rather sensitive to specific light spectral composition requirements.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - Light QualityMost photomorphogenic responses are regulated by the phytochrome pigment system.A pigment that has two interconvertible forms:A phytochrome molecule in the red absorbing form is converted to the far-red absorbing form following irradiation with red light.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - Light QualityIrradiation with far-red light is required for the phytochrome molecule to be converted back to the red absorbing form.Relative amounts these phytochromes are proportional to (R:FR) light in the environment1.2:1 most of the day.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - Light QualityR:FR ratio declines dramatically as light penetrates leaf canopiesRed light is efficiently absorbed by chlorophyll Far-red light is transmitted or reflected.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - Light QualityPlants compete for light by redirecting growth towards lightPlants respond to a decline in the R:FR ratio with increased height, reduced branching, and smaller stem diameters.Declining chlorophyll synthesis = plants appear chlorotic

Plants are also more susceptible to disease and stress.

Reduced branching and tillering results in lower yields.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - Light Quality

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - Light QualityOther phytochromes:Cryptochromes are involved in photomorphogenic responses & circadian rhythm.

Phototropins are responsible for phototropism movement in response to light It may be involved with stomate opening.

Some species, roots exhibit a negative phototropic responsethey grow away from the light source.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - Day LengthPhotoperiodism photomorphogenic response to variations in daylength.All photoperiodically controlled processes can be categorized into three basic response types: Long-day plants (LDPs).Short-day plants (SDPs).Day-neutral plants (DNPs).

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - Day LengthBased on Critical Day-Length (CDL)The long- or short-day designation is based photoperiodically controlled process induced only at daylengths longer or shorter than specific daylength.Different for each species

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - Day LengthA plant with photoperiodically controlled process induced only when days are longer than the critical daylength is considered an LDP for that process. SDP represents the inversea process is induced only when daylength is shorter than the CDL.

No direct relationship exists between the response type and the absolute length of the CDL.In general, whether or not a plant is an SDP or LDP determines when the process is induced relative to the summer solstice.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - Day LengthAutumn syndrome getting ready for winter observed in many woody plants is the most visible photoperiodic process.Acquisition of freeze tolerance; dormancy of buds & leaf fall in deciduous trees.

Dormancy is a temporary cessation of growth.Accompanied by bud scales, modified leaves that protect delicate shoot tips from winter desiccation.Typically induced by short days

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - Day LengthThe critical daylength for dormancy induction varies even within species.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - Day LengthOther developmental processes are controlled by photoperiodMany herbaceous perennials survive winter by formation of tubers that are protected by being buried underground. A short-day process that is initiated at the end of the summer.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - TemperatureSeasonal light intensity causes temperature changes from summer to winter in various temperature zones.The farther from the equator, the fewer available growing days.All plants have optimal temperatures for maximum vegetative growth and flowering.Most temperate-region plants grow between 39F & 50F.These are generally the limits of plant growth.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - TemperatureHigh temperatures destroy most cell protoplasm.Solarized -- leaves sunburned when exposed to high light intensitieslight energy converts to heat.Wilt Drop in relative humidity + wind = loss of moistureAt low temperatures, most plants fail due to a lack of cell activityIce crystals rupture cell membranes/walls, allowing water to flow out, desiccating cells.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - TemperatureLow, nonfreezing temperatures can coordinate plant growth & development.Temperatures for these cold-induced processes are usually in the range of 0F to 10F.Cold-induced processes:Seed germination stratification.Floweringcold induction of flowering is vernalization.Dormancy breakagechilling requirement.Acquisition of cold and freeze tolerance

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - WaterLimiting water impacts how the plant can grow & develop. Water is required for:Biological processesPlant structureNutrient/metabolite transportTemperature control

With plentiful water, plants grow more succulently.Cells are turgid

With limited water, cells can undergo plasmolysis.The plasmalemma pulls away from the cell wall.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Growth & Development - WaterBoth carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) are needed for plant growth.Stomatal opening and closing regulated in part by leaf CO2 levelDriven by photosynthesis.Stomata remain open if other conditionsespecially water availabilityare favorable.Oxygen is important in respiration of all plant parts.Respiration is release of energy captured and stored in the carbohydrates (sugars) synthesized during photosynthesis.The released energy drives biochemical reactions needed for the growth & development.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Germination and Early Seedling GrowthIn general, seed germination occurs in three stages:Imbibition (water uptake).Increase in biological activity.Radicle (root) and shoot emergence.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Germination and Early Seedling GrowthGermination starts with the seed imibing water.This causes cells to swell and the seed increases in size.

Respiration, enzyme activity & synthesis increase.Decreasing energy reserves of carbohydrates and lipids.

Cells elongate and begin to divide and differentiate.The embryonic root (radicle) and shoot (plumule) emerge.The radicle quickly becomes a functioning root.

Leaves start to photosynthesize & the new plant is then independent of energy reserves in the seed.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & RootsIn growing most plants we are interested in obtaining vigorous vegetative growth quickly.With the exceptions, perhaps, of bonsai plants and container-grown ornamentals.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & RootsStrictly speaking, vegetative growth includes roots, shoots, and leaves, but not reproductive structures.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & RootsFour principal functions of roots in higher plants are:Anchoring plants in the soil.Absorbing water and mineral nutrients.Conducting water and dissolved minerals, as well as organic materials to other parts of the plant.Storing food materials in plants such as sweet potatoes, sugar beets, and carrots.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & RootsThe root system and the shoot system maintain a balanceas the top of the plant grows larger, more roots are needed

Greater amounts of water and mineral absorption needed with growth.

Not all roots of a tree may be growing at any one time

The spring flush of root growth results from the accumulated foods stored the previous year.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & RootsShoot growth is determinate or indeterminate.In determinate growth, after a period of vegetative growth, flower bud clusters form at shoot terminals so most shoot elongation stops.

Indeterminate growth plants bear flower clusters laterally along the stems in the axils of the leaves.Shoot terminals remain vegetative and the shoot grows until it is stopped by senescence or environmental influence.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & Roots

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & Roots

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & RootsDetailed growth curve for barley, an herbaceous annual.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & RootsLife cycle events of a typical angiosperm annual.All these events occur during a single summer growing season.(About four months)

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & RootsBiennials require two growing seasonsbut not necessarily two yearsto complete their life cycle.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & RootsStem growth is limited in the first growing season. Plants remain alive (dormant) through the winter.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & RootsExposure to chilling temperatures triggers hormonal changes leading to stem elongation, flowering, fruitExamples are celery, Swiss chard, beets, cabbage and Brussels sprouts.

Most annual and biennial plants flower and fruit only once before dying.In such plants, continued removal of flowers and fruits often delays senescence.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & RootsPerennials are either herbaceous or woody.Herbaceous roots & shoots can remain alive indefinitely.Shoot growth resumes in spring from latent or adventitious buds at the crown of the plant.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & RootsMany tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate herbaceous perennial ornamental plants are grown as annuals in areas with severe winters.When grown in areas with mild winters these plants exhibit their perennial characteristics.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & RootsIn woody perennial plants, shoot & root systems remain alive indefinitely, growing to the ultimate size for the particular plant.As programmed by its gene complement & environment.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & Roots

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Vegetative Growth/Development - Shoots & RootsMagnitude of growth can vary considerably from season to season.For some tropical trees, and all temperate trees, growth occurs intermittentlyin flushesin the growing season.There can be a single or multiple flush of growth.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Phase Change: Juvenility, Maturation, SenescencePlants undergoes phasic development throughout lifeEmbryonic growth; juvenility; a transition stage; maturity or adult phase; senescence; and death.

The juvenile phase is characterized by the inability to reproduce sexually.The duration of the juvenile phase varies from a week or two up to thirty or forty years in some tree species.

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Phase Change: Juvenility, Maturation, Senescence

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Phase Change: Juvenility, Maturation, Senescence

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Practical Horticulture 5th edition By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. RubatskytabChapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development

Phase Change: Juvenility, Maturation, Senescence