chapter 6 the periodic table and periodic law. 6.1 development antoine lavoisier (late 1700s)...
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Chapter 6
The Periodic Table and Periodic Law
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6.1 Development
Antoine Lavoisier (late 1700s) organized the 33 known elements (at the time) into a list with four categories
John Newlands (1864) noticed that when elements were arranged by increasing atomic mass, properties repeated every 8 elements
periodic pattern – the law of octaves
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Meyer, Mendeleev, and Moseley 1869-Meyer and Mendeleev both saw a connection
between atomic mass and properties Mendeleev got more credit because he was first to
publish it Left holes of undiscovered elements Predicted properties of some undiscovered element- Sc, Ga,
Ge Still not completely correct
Mosley arranged his table by atomic number based on protons instead mass
fixed the problems with Mendeleev’s table
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The Periodic Law The statement that there is a periodic
repetition of chemical and physical properties of the element when they are arranged by increasing atomic number.
horizontal rows are called periods vertical columns are called groups or families
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The Modern Periodic Table
Groups 1A through 8A = Representative Elements (a.k.a Main) because they contain a wide range of chemical and physical properties
Groups 1B through 8B = Transition Elements
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Classifying the elements• Metals
– shiny, smooth, clean, solid room temperature, good conductors of heat and electricity
• Alkali Metals= 1A (excluding hydrogen) – highly reactive
• Alkaline Earth Metals= 2A– highly reactive (not as much as 1A)
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Classifying the Elements Continued…
Transition metals Group B elements contained in the D block of the
table Inner transition metals
the lanthanide and actinide series below the table
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Classifying the elements continued
• Nonmetals=– Generally a gas or a
brittle, dull-looking solids
– Poor conductors
• Halogens=7A – REALLY REACTIVE
• Noble Gases= 8A – unreactive and stable
(all valence electrons are filled)
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Classifying the Elements Continued…
Metalloids contains the physical and chemical
properties of both metals and nonmetal
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6.2 Classification of the Elements The properties of each element in each group
are similar because they have the same number of valence electrons
The number of the group that the element is in = the number of valence electron (excluding the transition metals)
The energy level of an element’s valence electrons indicates the period on the periodic table
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S,P,D, and F Blocks 4 different energy levels: s, p, d, and f S block= 1a and 2a
holds max of 2 electrons P block= 3A through 8A
max holds 6 electrons S block must fill before P block can fill Noble gases are stable because of filled S and P
blocks
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S,P,D, and F Blocks Continued… D block = transition metals
max of 10 electrons
F block= inner transition metals unpredictable manner of filling max of 14 electrons
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6.3 Periodic TrendsElectron clouds are fuzzy.So what does atomic size or radius mean?Ideas?
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Atomic Radius
How it's normally done: Take a crystal of the pure element Find distance between adjacent nucleii
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Atomic radius
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Periodic Trends: Atomic RadiusDECREASES
INCREASES
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Atomic Radius
Why do atomic radii increase as you move down a group?
Why does it decrease as you move across a period?
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Atomic Radius• The increase from top to bottom is due to
adding electron shells.
• The decrease from left to right is due to increased nuclear charge as you move to the right, which draws electrons closer to the nucleus.
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Ions
Atoms can gain or lose one or more electrons to form an ion.
An ion is an atom or a bonded group of atoms with a positive or negative charge.
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Ionic Radius
an ion’s radius will be affected by its formation Would a cation (positive charge) be smaller or
larger than the corresponding neutral atom? Would an anion (negative charge) be smaller or
larger than the corresponding neutral atom? Explain ionic radii trends within periods and
groups.
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Ionization Energy
Remember excited states of electrons? As energy level increases, distance from
nucleus increases Add enough energy, the electron is no longer
bound to the nucleus. Now, the atom has more protons than
electrons. What's its charge?
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Ionization Energy
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Periodic Trends: Ionization Energy
Ionization energy= energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom
Octet rule = atoms tend to gain lose or share electrons to acquire a full set of 8 valence electrons
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Periodic Trends: Ionization Energy
INCREASES
DECREASES
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Ionization Energy
Why does ionization energy tend to increase across a period?
Why does it tend to decrease down a group?
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Periodic Trends: Electronegativity
Electronegativity= relative ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond.
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Electronegativity Arbitrary units called Paulings (after Linus
Pauling) are used to express electronegativity.
Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period and from top to bottom down a group.
Why would these trends occur?
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Periodic Trends: Electronegativity
INCREASES
DECREASES