chapter 6 the chemistry of life. 6.1: atoms and their interactions you are responsible for this...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 6
The Chemistry of Life
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6.1: Atoms and Their Interactions
You are responsible for this material! It is a review of material from Physical Science.
Use the 6.1 study guide questions worksheet to review this material.
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6.2: Water and Diffusion
Polar- molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, has a positive and negative end due to unequal sharing of electrons Attracts ions Attracts other polar molecules Attracts other water molecules
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Hydrogen bond- attraction of opposite charges between hydrogen and oxygen in water molecules Gives water the ability
to creep up thin tubes- capillary action
Gives water surface tension properties
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Capillary action
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Water resists temperature change
Specific heat- the amount of energy required to change one gram of material one degree Celsius
Water has a high specific heat Helps maintain steady environment when
situations fluctuate Helps maintain homeostasis
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Molecular Motion
Solids, liquids, and gases all have kinetic energy whether they are in motion or not The molecules that make them up are in
constant motion- Brownian motion Temperature is a measure of this motion
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Diffusion
Diffusion- the movement of particles from an area of higher to lower concentration No energy required Result of Brownian motion
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Factors that affect the rate of diffusion:
1. Concentration gradient- difference in concentration of a substance across space
greater concentration gradient, faster diffusion
2. temperature- higher temperature means molecules move faster and bump into each other more often
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3. pressure- increasing pressure increases particle motion
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How long does diffusion continue?
Until all areas are equal in concentration
Particles continue to move, but there is no overall concentration change
This is called dynamic equilibrium
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Dynamic Equilibrium
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6.3: Life Substances
How many electrons does carbon have available for bonding in its outer energy level?
Because it can form 4 bonds, it makes a good backbone or skeleton on which to build larger molecules
Bonds easily with hydrogen,
oxygen, & nitrogen
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Types of covalent bonds:
Carbon can bond with other carbon atoms & other elements to form:
Single- one pair of shared electronsDouble- two pairs of shared electronsTriple- three pairs of shared electrons
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When carbon atoms bond with each other, they can form:
Straight chainsBranched chainsRings
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Isomers- compounds with the same chemical formula but with different 3-dimensional structures
Organic compounds- contain at least one carbon chain
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Macromolecules
Monomers- fundamental molecular unitPolymer- macromolecules formed by
linking the same kind of functional unit
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Carbohydrates
Carbo- carbonHydrate- waterMacromolecule composed of carbon,
hydrogen & oxygen
General formula= (CH2O)n
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Monosaccharide
Monomer of carbohydratesSimple sugar“ose” indicates that a substance is a sugarExamples- glucose, fructose
Cells link monosaccharides
to form-
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Disaccharides
Sugar composed of 2 monosaccharidesExample- sucrose, lactose
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Polysaccharides
Polymers composed of many monosaccharides
Examples:
Starch- long term energy storage
in plants, animals can break
down starch to obtain glucose
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Glycogen- long term energy storage in animals, animals can break down glycogen to obtain glucose
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Cellulose- AKA fiber, structural molecule in cell walls of plants and algae, animals cannot break it down
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Lipids
Functions-Energy storageInsulationProtective coveringMajor component of cell membranes
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Fats
Energy storage molecules Mostly carbon and hydrogen General formula= (CH2)n
Hydrophobic-
Hydro- water, Phobic- fearing Triglyceride- glycerol
molecule & 3 fatty acids,
monomer of fats
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Types of fats:
1. Saturated fats- no double bonds between carbon atoms in carbon
chains
Solid at room temperature-
butter, lard
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2. Unsaturated fats- double bonds between carbons in chain
Liquid at room temperature- oil
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Phospholipids, waxes, and steroids
Phospholipids- major components of cell membranes
Waxes- hydrophobic coatings composed of fatty acid & alcohol
Steroids- cholesterol based,
important in digestion &
synthesis of male & female
hormones
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Proteins
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, (sometimes sulfur)
Functions: Structural-hair, nails, horns, hooves Contractile- produce movement, muscle Storage- egg white Defense- antibodies, membrane proteins Transport- hemoglobin Signaling- hormones, membrane proteins Catalysts- enzymes
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Amino Acids (AA)
Monomer of proteinsPeptide bond- covalent bond between AA
in protein chain (sometimes called polypeptides)
20 kinds of AA
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Structure Determines Function
A protein is a chain of AA folded, twisted, & sometimes joined with other AA chains to form complex structures
A protein needs a particular shape to do its job
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Enzymes
Proteins that act as catalysts and change the rate of a chemical reaction
Speed reactions in nearly all metabolic processes
Affected by: Temperature Ionic conditions- salt pH
Hint- if it ends in “ase”, it’s probably an enzyme!
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Nucleic Acids- more in coming chapters
Macromolecules that contain information for the construction of proteins
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Nucleotides
Monomer of nucleic acids
Structure-Phosphate group5-carbon sugarNitrogenous base
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DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
Two chains of nucleotides
formed into a double helixGenetic code found in
every cell
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RNA- ribonucleic acid
Single chain of nucleotides wrapped around itself
Made from DNA and used in making proteins
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