Chapter 6

Lesson 1

Do NowI.C.E “Broken Bones

Functions of the SkeletonSupportProtectionProduce blood cells in the red marrow

All fetal bones have red marrow, only certain adult bones have red marrow

Store minerals and fat Ca, P, yellow marrow)

Movement

Types of BonesLong: longer than wideShort: cubeFlat Irregular: round

Long BonesPeriosteum

Continuous with ligaments and tendons Connective tissue covering Protection Blood vessels

Epiphysis: expanded portions at ends of the boneDiaphysis: between epiphysesMedullary cavity

Inside shaft (diaphysis) Stores yellow marrow (fat)

Articular cartilage: hyaline where bones meet at a joint

In class assignmentExercise 5.2 worksheet

HomeworkText pg. 125-126 “Study Questions” # 1-5

Lesson 2

Do NowBone labeling diagram

Red Bone MarrowFound in long bonesSite of hematopoiesis: red blood cell (RBC) formationLocation:

Skull Ribs Sternum Vertebrae Ends of long bones

Compact BoneDENSEOsteons > lamallae > canaliculi > osteocytes

Canaliculi: bring O2 and nutrients to osteocytes

Osteocytes: bone cells

Central canal Contains blood vessels and nerves Connect osteocytes

Spongy BoneCancellous LighterCompactStrongCan withstand stress

What type of stress?

Bone GrowthOsteoprogenitor: unspecialized cellsOsteoblasts: form bonesOsteocytes: mature bone cellsOsteoclasts

Found in red bone marrow Break down bone to be reabsorbed into the

bloodstream

OssificationFormation of boneIntramembranous: bone develops between

fibrous connective tissue Ex: skull

Endochrondral: cartilage breaks down and lays down spongy bone which thickens and becomes compact

Epiphyseal plate band of cartilage between primary and secondary

ossification sites Rate of growth is controlled by hormones When the plates close growth stops

In class assignmentLong bone worksheet

Lesson 3

Do NowChapter 21 Study guide worksheet

Axial AppendicularCranium (head)Vertebrae (spinal

column)Thoracic bones

(ribs)

Upper limbsPelvis (hip bone)Lower limbs

CraniumImmovable joints6 bones

1 frontal 2 parietal 1 Occipital 2 temporal

Newborns have fontanels which are not fused

Frontal: forehead, nose, eyesockets

Parietal: sides of head

Occipital: posterior of skull Foramen magnum: hole for

spinal cord Occiptal condyle: rounded on

sides of foramen magnum Attaches to c1

Temporal: inferior to parietal

Temporal External acoustic

meatus: ear canal Mandibular fossa: meets

jaw Mastoid process: attaches

to neck muscles Styloid process: attaches

tongue and larynx Zygomatic process:

cheekbone Sphenoid bone: floor of

cranium near eyes, butterfly shape

Sella turcica: pituitary gland depression

Ethmoid bone: anterior to sphenoid, floor of cranium, forms nasal cavity

Crista galli: triangle attachment for brain membranes

Cribriform plate: holes for nerves and nose sensors

Perpendicular plate: forms superior nasal septum

Superior middle nasal conchae: increases nasal cavity, attaches nasal mucous membranes

In class assignmentLabeling diagrams

HomeworkText pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 6

Lesson 4

Do NowVideo: The Skull

Facial Bones2 Maxillae: upper jaw

Palantine process: roof of mouth

Alveolar process: tooth sockets

2 Zygomatic bones: Cheekbones Zygomatic arch

2 Lacrimal bones: Between the eyes/nose Holes for tear ducts

2 Nasal Bones: Bridge of nose Cartilage

Vomer bone: inferior position of nasal

septum Joins ethmoid bone and

perpendicular plate2 Inferior nasal conchae:

Lateral walls of nasal cavity

Mandible: lower jaw/chin Mandibular condyle:

attaches to temporal bone Coronoid process:

chewing muscle attachment

Hyoid BoneSuperior to larynxOnly bone in the body that does not articulate

with any other boneSuspended Anchors tongue and swallowing muscles

In class assignmentSkull labeling diagrams

HomeworkTest Items worksheet

Cranium QuizPracticum and Written

Lesson 5

Do NowVideo: The Vertebral Column

Vertebral ColumnProtects spinal cordSkull to pelvis~33 bones

7 cervical (neck) C1: atlas C2: axis

12 thoracic (chest)5 lumbar (low back)5 fused sacral3-5 fused coccyx

(tailbone)

1 curve in the fetusCervical curve forms

3-4 months after birth

Curves provide support

Disorders of the SpineKyphosisLordosisScoliosis

When do these abnormalities occur? Where? What can be don’t to correct?

Intervertebral DisksCartilage disks found between vertebral

bonesPrevent grindingShock absorptionAllow flexion/extension/lateral movements

Herniated DiskSlip or rupture of the

cartilaginous diskCan press on the

spinal nerves and cause pain

Treatment:Repair Removal – vertebrae

are fused together and provide substantially less range of motion

Vertebral StructuresVertebrae are small at

the top of the spineWhy?

Vertebrae are larger at the bottom of the spineWhy?

Foramen: hole for the spinal cord to pass from the brain

In class assignmentVertebrae Worksheet

HomeworkComplete worksheet

Lesson 6

Do NowVideo: The Bony Throrax

Atlas and Axis2 special cervical vertebraeC1 and C2Atlas: supports and balances the head

(nodding)Axis: allows shaking of the head (no)

Odontoid process connects it to the atlas

Rib CageProtective (heart/lungs)Flexible (breathing)12 pairs (24 total)Connect to thoracic

vertebrae“True ribs”: first 7 pairs

which connect to the sternum by costal cartilage

“False ribs”: 5 pairs which do not attach to the sternum

SternumBreastbone3 bones:

1. Manubrium (superior) ribs 1-22. Body (Middle/largest) ribs 3-73. Xiphoid (inferior/smallest) no ribs

- attaches to diaphragm- separates thoracic and

abdominal cavities- site for CPR

In class assignmentThoracic Labeling Diagrams

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/classware/ala.do?isbn=0072829532&alaid=ala_733424&showSelfStudyTree=true

HomeworkText pg 126 “Study Questions” # 9

Vertebral Column and Thoracic Quiz

Written and Practical

Lesson 7

Do NowVideo:The Appendicular Skeleton: Upper

Limb

ClavicleCollarboneSlender“s” shapedArticulates with

manubrium and sternum

Weak

ScapulaStructures

Shoulder bladesBroadFlexibleNot connected

SpineAcromion process:

articulates with clavicle Attaches arm and chest

muscles

Coracoid process Attaches arm and chest

muscles

Glenoid cavity Articulates with humerus

HumerusProximal End Distal End

Head: Articulates with glenoid

cavity of scapula

Greater and lesser tubercles:

Attach muscles to move the arm and shoulder

Intertubercular groove: Holds biceps brachii

Deltoid tuberosity: Attaches deltoid

Capitulum: Lateral condyle articulates

with the radial head

Trochlea: Condyle articulates with the

ulna

Coronoid fossa: Depression for ulna during

flexion

Olecranon fossa: Depression for ulna during

extension

RadiusProximal End Distal EndHead:

Articulates with capitulum of humerus and ulna

Radial tuberosity:Attaches

biceps brachii

Ulnar notch:Articulates

with the head of the ulna

Styloid process:Attaches

wrist ligaments

UlnaProximal End Distal EndCoronoid process:

Articulates with the coronoid fossa of the humerus during flexion

Olecranon process: Articulates with the

olecranon process of the humerus during extension

Trochlear notch: Articulates with the

troclear notch of the humerus

Radial notch: Articulates with the head

of the radius

Head: Articulates with the

ulnar notch of the radius

Styloid process: Attaches wrist ligaments

Carpals 8 bones

HamateCapitateTriquetrumTrapeziumScaphoidLunate

Metacarpals5 bones – 1-5 from the

thumbThumb:

1st metacarpal Can touch all fingers

Metacarpal heads are visible when the fist is clenches

PhalangesThumb:

2 bones (proximal, distal)

4 fingers: 3 bones (proximal, medial,

distal)

In class assignmentUpper Limb Labeling Diagrams

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/classware/ala.do?isbn=0072829532&alaid=ala_733424&showSelfStudyTree=true

HomeworkText pg. 126”Study Questions” # 10 & 11

Upper Limb QuizWritten and Practical

Lesson 8

Do NowVideo: The Appendicular Skeleton: Lower

Limb (2) Pelvic Girdle

Coxal BonesIllium:IschiumPubisAll 3 meet together at

the acetabulum which articulates with the head of the femur

IlliumFlares outwardIliac crest:

Prominance (hip bones)

Anterior/posterior iliac spine: End points of crest

Greater sciatic notch: Connects to sacrum Blood vessels Sciatic nerve

IschiumIschial tubersity:

What you “sit” on

Ischial spine: Between iliium and

ischium Determines the

size of the pelvis

PubisPubic symphysis:

Joins both pubic bones

Obturator foramen: Hole for blood vessels and nerves

Gender DifferencesFemaleMaleBroaderMore flaredWiderLighterThinner

ThickerHeavierMuscle attachment sites

are larger

In class assignmentPelvic Girdle diagram

HomeworkText pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 12 & 13

Lesson 9

Do NowVideo: The Appendicular Skeleton: Lower

Limb

FemurProximal End Distal EndHead:

articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal bone

Greater/lesser trochanters:Attaches thigh muscles

Linea aspera:Attaches muscles

Medial/lateral epicondyle:Attaches muscles and

ligamentsLateral/medial condyle:

Articulates with the tibiaPatellar surface:

Between condylesAnteriorArticulates with the

patella

PatellaKneecapProtects knee joint

TibiaThickWeight bearingMedial/lateral condyles:

Articulates with the femur

Tibial tuberosity: Attaches to patellar ligaments

Anterior crest: shin

Medial malleolus: Bulge on the inner ankle Articulates with the talus

FibulaSlenderLateral to tibiaArticulates with the tibia below the lateral

condyleLateral malleolus:

Articulates with the talus Outer bulge Stabilizes ankle

Tarsals7 bones per ankleTalus moves freelyJoins with tibia and fibulaCalcaneus (heel)

Metatarsals5 bones per footDistal ends (balls of feet)Form arches

LongitudinalTransverse

Phalanges14 bones per foot1st toe has 2 bones (proximal, distal)4 toes have 3 bones (proximal, medial, distal)

In class assignment

HomeworkText pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 14

Lesson 10

Do Now

JointsClassified by the amount of movement:

1.Synarthrosis - Immovable2.Amphiarthrosis – Slightly Movable3.Diarthrosis - Freely Movable

Classified by StructureFibrous

Fibrous connective tissueBinds bone to boneUsually immovable

CartilaginousFibrocartilage or hyalineBind bonesUsually slightly movable

Synovial Bones do not touchEnclosed in capsuleUsually freely movable

Fibrous (Sutures)Coronal

Between parietal and frontalLamboidal

Between parietal and occipitalSquamosal

Between parietal and temporalSagittal

Between parietalsTooth/socket

CartilaginousRibs

Joined to sternum by costal cartilagePubic symphysis

Expands during pregnancyControlled by hormones

Synovial Joint cavitySynovial membraneSynovial fluidMove freelyStabilized by ligaments and tendonsBones protected by hyaline cartilage and

menisci and bursae

In class assignment

HomeworkText pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 15

Lesson 11

Do Now

Types of Synovial JointsSaddleBall and socketPivotHingeGlidingCondyloid

Saddle Joint Fits complementary Ex: metacarpals

Ball and Socket JointBall fits into cup

shapeWide range of

motionRotationEx: shoulder/hip

Pivot JointOne bone pivots

around anotherEx: proximal ends of

the radius and ulna/ between the atlas and axis

Hinge JointConvex/concaveEx: knee/elbow

Gliding JointFlatSliding or twisting

motionEx: wrist/ankle

Condyloid JointOvalMove in different

planesNo rotationEx between

metacarpals and phalanges

Synovial Joint MovementsAngular Circular Special

Flexion Circumduction Inversion

Extension Rotation Eversion

Adductions Supination Elevation

Abduction Pronation Depression

HomeostasisProtect internal organsAssist all phases of respirationStore and release calciumAssist lymphatic system and immune systemAssist digestionlocomotion

In class assignment

HomeworkText pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 16-18

Lesson 12

Lesson 13

Do NowText pg. 126 “Learning Objectives” # 1-6

HomeworkText pg. 126 “Learning Objectives” # 7-20