chapter 6 laminar external flow - mathworksΒ Β· dr. m. azzazy proprietary notes egme 526 fall 2017...
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Dr. M. Azzazy Proprietary Notes EGME 526 Fall 2017 Page 1
Chapter 6 Laminar External Flow
Contents 1 Thermal Boundary Layer 1
2 Scale analysis 2
2.1 Case 1: πΏπ‘ > πΏ (Thermal B.L. is larger than the velocity B.L.) 3
2.2 Case 2: πΏπ‘ < πΏ (Thermal B.L. is smaller than the velocity B.L.) 4
3 Summary for B.L. equations 5
4 Semi-infinite Plate: constant free stream velocity, constant surface temperature 6
5 Pohlhausen solution 7
6 Examples 12
6.1 Example 1. 12
6.2 Example 2 12
6.3 Example 3 13
7 Variable Surface Temperature 13
8 Faulkner-Skan flows 16
9 Problems 19
1 Thermal Boundary Layer This chapter deals with heat transfer between a body and a fluid flowing with steady laminar motion over that body. We assume that: (1) all body forces are negligible (flow is forced over the body by some external means that are not related to the temperature field in the fluid), (2) idealized constant fluid properties, (3) no mass diffusion (concentration gradients are negligible), and (4) free stream velocity is sufficiently low that the viscous dissipation term in the energy equation could be neglected (flows with high values of dissipation terms will be treated later). Consider the flow over the semi-infinite heated surface shown in Figure 1. As discussed in Chapter 4 the foundation of the boundary layer concept is that the effect of viscosity is confined to a thin region near the surface (boundary layer); πΏ. Similarly, the effect of thermal interaction between the surface and the moving fluid is confined to a thin region near the surface defined as πΏπ‘ (thermal boundary layer). As we discussed in Chapter 4, the condition for the velocity boundary layer model is that the Reynolds number is very high (remember that we neglected axial momentum diffusion relative to normal momentum
diffusion (π2π’
ππ₯2 βͺπ2π’
ππ¦2). The condition for thermal boundary layer is that the product of Reynolds number
(π π) and Prandtl number (ππ) (called Peclet number β ππ) must be very high (ππ > 100).
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ππ = π π. ππ =ππΏ
πΌ (1)
Where π is the free stream velocity, πΏ is a characteristic length and πΌ is the thermal diffusivity.
d dt
x
y
u
U
Ts
Tf
Figure 1. Velocity and Thermal Boundary Layer
The boundary conditions are:
1) No slip velocity at the surface (π’ = 0 ππ‘ π¦ = 0), 2) At the edge of the boundary layer, the velocity is equal to the free stream velocity
(π’ = π ππ‘ π¦ = πΏ), 3) The fluid temperature at the surface is equal to the surface temperature, ππ = ππ ππ‘ π¦ = 0, 4) The fluid temperature at the edge of the thermal boundary layer is equal to the free stream
temperature.
2 Scale analysis The simplified energy equation using steady incompressible flow without heat generation, for a two dimensional Cartesian flow is
π’ππ
ππ₯+ π£
ππ
ππ¦= πΌ (
π2π
ππ₯2+
π2π
ππ¦2) (2)
Since in the velocity boundary layer we neglected π2π’
ππ₯2 relative to π2π’
ππ¦2, we wish to perform an analysis that
would allow us to neglect axial conduction π2π
ππ₯2 relative to conduction in the normal direction. If we
examine Figure 1, we find that the value of the thermal boundary layer thickness is much smaller than the axial length of the plate. Therefore thermal gradients along the normal direction will be much larger than the axial direction, and therefore axial conduction could be neglected, i.e.
π2π
ππ₯2 βͺπ2π
ππ¦2 (3)
And the energy equation (equation 2) becomes
π’ππ
ππ₯+ π£
ππ
ππ¦= πΌ
π2π
ππ¦2 (4)
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2.1 Case 1: πΉπ > πΉ (Thermal B.L. is larger than the velocity B.L.) Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of this case. In this case, the velocity component u inside the thermal B.L. could be approximated as
π’~π (5)
d
dt
x
y
u
Tf
U
Ts
Figure 2. Case 1, Thermal B.L. larger than velocity B.L.
And from the continuity equation, the velocity component π£ could be approximated as given in equation
6. Since, ππ£
ππ¦= β
ππ’
ππ₯ then π£ = β β«
ππ’
ππ₯ππ¦ but since from equation 5 π’ is constant, then
π£~ππΏπ‘
πΏ (6)
Therefore the convective terms in the energy equation (4) become
π’ππ
ππ₯~π
βπ
πΏ (7)
And
π£ππ
ππ¦~π
βπ
πΏ (8)
In equation 8, notice that π¦ is of the order of πΏπ‘ and relationship 6 was used to derive relationship 8. Since πΏπ‘ is much less than πΏ, then π£ could be neglected relative to π’, and the energy equation 4 could be simplified to
π’ππ
ππ₯~πΌ
π2π
ππ¦2
Therefore
πβπ
πΏ~πΌ
βπ
πΏπ‘2
And
πΏπ‘
πΏ= β
πΌ
ππΏ= β
ππΌ
πβ
π
πππΏ=
1
βππ
1
βπ π=
1
βππ (9)
Therefore, for large ππ number, the thermal boundary layer thickness is small.
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The ratio of the thermal boundary layer thickness to the velocity boundary layer thickness is determined from
πΏπ‘
πΏ=
1
βππ (10)
Therefore case 1, πΏπ‘ > πΏ means that βππ βͺ 1 In summary
1) for πΏπ‘ to be small relative to a characteristic length πΏ, then ππ must be >> 1, and 2) for the thermal B.L. to be larger than the velocity B.L., then the square root of ππ number must
be much less than one.
2.2 Case 2: πΉπ < πΉ (Thermal B.L. is smaller than the velocity B.L.) Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of this case. In this case, the axial velocity within the thermal boundary layer is smaller than the free stream velocity. Assuming the velocity profile could be approximated as a linear profile in the small thermal B.L. region, then
π’~ππΏπ‘
πΏ (11)
Using equation 10 to scale the continuity equation
π£~ππΏπ‘
2
πΏπΏ (12)
This means that π£ could be neglected relative to π’ in the energy equation.
d
dt
x
yu
Tf
U
Ts
Figure 3. Case 2, Thermal B.L. smaller than velocity B.L.
The energy equation (4) becomes
π’ππ
ππ₯~πΌ
π2π
ππ¦2
Using equation 11
ππΏπ‘
πΏ
βπ
πΏ~πΌ
βπ
πΏπ‘2
And
(πΏπ‘
πΏ)
3=
πΌ
ππΏ
πΏ
πΏ=
ππΌ
π
π
πππΏ
1
βπ π=
1
ππ
1
π π
1
βπ π=
1
ππ
1
π π3 2β
Finally
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πΏπ‘
πΏ=
1
ππ1 3β
1
βπ π (13)
The ratio of the thermal B.L. to the velocity B.L. in this case is
πΏπ‘
πΏ=
1
ππ1 3β (14)
In summary,
1) For the thermal B.L. to be small compared to a characteristic length πΏ, the product ππ1 3β βπ π must be >> 1.
2) The second condition, for the thermal B.L. to be smaller than the velocity B.L. then ππ1 3β β« 1.
3 Summary for B.L. equations Assumptions
1. Continuum 2. Newtonian fluid 3. 2-D case 4. Constant properties 5. No body forces 6. No potential flow singularities (slender body) 7. High Reynolds number (π π > 100) 8. High Peclet number (ππ > 100) 9. Steady state 10. Laminar flow 11. No dissipation
Continuity equation
ππ’
ππ₯+
ππ£
ππ¦= 0 (15)
X-momentum
π’ππ’
ππ₯+ π£
ππ’
ππ¦= β
1
π
ππ
ππ₯+
π
π
π2π’
ππ¦2 (16)
Energy
π’ππ
ππ₯+ π£
ππ
ππ¦= πΌ
π2π
ππ¦2 (17)
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4 Semi-infinite Plate: constant free stream velocity, constant surface temperature
Assume that the plate is maintained at a constant temperature ππ , and the fluid temperature in the free stream is ππ as schematically shown in Figure 4.
d dt
x
y
u
U
Ts
Tf
Figure 4. Momentum and Thermal Boundary Layers
The continuity and momentum equations (equations 15 and 16) were solved in Chapter 4 using the exact Blasius solution such that: Similarity parameter
π = π¦βπβ
ππ₯ (18)
Velocity π’ β πππππππππ‘
π’
πβ= πβ²(π) (19)
Velocity π£ β πππππππππ‘
π£
πβ=
1
2β
π
ππβπ₯(ππβ² β π) (20)
And the governing equation is
ππβ²β² + 2πβ²β²β² = 0 (21)
Equation 21 was solved by Blasius and the results are tabulated (Table 1)
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Table 1. Blasius Solution
Blasius Solution
Eta f f' f''
0 0 0 0.33206
0.4 0.02656 0.13277 0.33147
0.8 0.10611 0.26471 0.32739
1.2 0.23795 0.39378 0.31659
1.6 0.42032 0.51676 0.29667
2 0.65003 0.62977 0.26675
2.4 0.9223 0.72899 0.22809
2.8 1.23099 0.81152 0.18401
3.2 1.56911 0.87609 0.13913
3.6 1.92954 0.92333 0.09809
4 2.30576 0.95552 0.06424
4.4 2.69238 0.97587 0.03897
4.8 3.08534 0.98779 0.02187
5 3.28329 0.99155 0.01591
5.2 3.48189 0.99425 0.01134
5.4 3.68094 0.99616 0.00793
5.6 3.88031 0.99748 0.00543
6 4.27964 0.99898 0.0024
7 5.27926 0.99992 0.00022
8 6.27923 1 0.00001
5 Pohlhausen solution Let π be defined as
π =ππ βπ
ππ βππ (22)
Where ππ is the surface temperature and ππ is the free stream fluid temperature as shown in Figure 4.
Substituting equation 22 into the energy equation (17)
π’ππ
ππ₯+ π£
ππ
ππ¦= πΌ
π2π
ππ¦2 (23)
The boundary conditions are:
π(π₯, 0) = 0 (24)
π(π₯, β) = 1 (25)
π(0, π¦) = 1 (26)
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In order to solve equation 23 using the similarity method, the two independent variables π₯ and π¦ are combined to form the similarity variable π(π₯, π¦) as defined by equation 18. The solution of equation 23 then becomes π(π₯, π¦) = π(π) From calculus
ππ
ππ₯= β
π
2π₯
ππ
ππ (27)
ππ
ππ¦= β
ππ
ππ₯
ππ
ππ (28)
And
π2π
ππ¦2 =ππ
ππ₯
π2π
ππ2 (29)
Substituting equations 27-29 into equation 23 then
πβ²β² +ππ
2π(π)
ππ
ππ= 0 (30)
Subject to the boundary conditions
π(0) = 0 (31)
π(β) = 1 (32)
Notice that the three boundary conditions are now two since we used the similarity variable to combine the π₯ and π¦ independent variables. Equation 30 could be written as
πβ²β²
πβ² = βππ
2π(π)ππ (33)
Which upon integration becomes
πβ² = πΆ1πΈπ₯π (βππ
2β« π(π)ππ
π
0) (34)
Integrating equation 34 one more time, the temperature distribution becomes
π = {πΆ1 β« [πΈπ₯π (βππ
2β« π(π)ππ
π
0)] ππ
π
0} + πΆ2 (35)
Using the boundary condition, equation 31, then πΆ2 = 0. Using the boundary condition, equation 32, then
πΆ1 =1
β« [πΈπ₯π(βππ
2β« π(π)ππ
π
0)]ππ
β
0
(36)
Therefore the temperature distribution becomes
π =β« [πΈπ₯π(β
ππ
2β« π(π)ππ
π
0)]ππ
π
0
β« [πΈπ₯π(βππ
2β« π(π)ππ
π
0)]ππ
β
0
(37)
Equation 37 has the integral β« π(π)πππ
0 in it. Using the momentum equation (equation 21), then
π = β2πβ²β²β²
πβ²β²
Which upon integration becomes
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β« π(π)πππ
0= β2ππ [
πβ²β²(π)
πβ²β²(0)] (38)
Substituting equation 38 into equation 37
π(π) =β« [πΈπ₯π{(ππ)ππ[
πβ²β²(π)
πβ²β²(0)]}]ππ
π
0
β« [πΈπ₯π{(ππ)ππ[πβ²β²(π)
πβ²β²(0)]}]ππ
β
0
(39)
Which upon further manipulation becomes
π(π) =β« [πβ²β²(π)]
ππππ
π
0
β« [πβ²β²(π)]ππππβ
0
(40)
Numerical calculations of the temperature profile using equation 40 often suffers inaccuracies due to round-off errors. In order to calculate the temperature profile accurately the following equation is often used
π(π) = 1 ββ« [πβ²β²(π)]
ππππ
β
π
β« [πβ²β²(π)]ππππβ
0
(40,a)
Equation (40,a) is integrated using the trapezoidal rule. Results for different ππ numbers are shown in Figure 5, and tabulated in an excel file accompanying this Chapter βPohlhausen_Table.xlsxβ.
Figure 5. Pohlhausen temperature profile as a function of Pr number
The value of ππ(0)
ππ is important in the calculation the Nusselt Modulus. Differentiating equation 40 one
obtains
ππ(0)
ππ=
[πβ²β²(0)]ππ
β« [πβ²β²(π)]ππππβ
0
=(0.332)ππ
β« [πβ²β²(π)]ππππβ
0
(41)
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The integrals in equation 41 are evaluated numerically and shown in Table 2.
Table 2
ππ ππ(0)
ππ
0.005 0.03766
0.01 0.0516
0.1 0.14
0.5 0.259
0.7 0.292
1.0 0.332
7.0 0.645
10.0 0.73
15.0 0.835
50.0 1.247
100 1.572
From the table, the following equations give a good approximation of ππ(0)
ππ
ππ(0)
ππ= 0.5ππ1 2β 0.005 < ππ < 0.05 (42)
ππ(0)
ππ= 0.332ππ1 3β 0.6 < ππ < 10 (43)
ππ(0)
ππ= 0.339ππ1 3β ππ > 10 (44)
The heat transfer coefficient is determined from
β(ππ β πβ) = βπππ(π₯,0)
ππ¦ (45)
Since
ππ(π₯,0)
ππ¦=
ππ
ππ
ππ(0)
ππ
ππ
ππ¦ (46)
Then
ππ(π₯,0)
ππ¦= (πβ β ππ )β
ππβ
ππ₯
ππ(0)
ππ (47)
Substituting equation 47 into equation 45
β(π₯) = πβππβ
ππ₯
ππ(0)
ππ (48)
The average heat transfer coefficient for a plate of length πΏ is calculated from
β =1
πΏβ« β(π₯)ππ₯
πΏ
0 (49)
Substituting equation 48 into equation 49 and integrating
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β = 2π
πΏβπ ππΏ
ππ(0)
ππ (50)
The local Nusselt number is obtained from
ππ’(π₯) =βπ₯
π= βπ ππ₯
ππ(0)
ππ (51)
And the average Nusselt number is
ππ’πΏ = 2βπ ππΏ
ππ(0)
ππ (52)
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6 Examples
6.1 Example 1. Water at 25 Β°πΆ flows over a flat plate with uniform velocity of 2 π π ππβ . The plate is maintained at 85 Β°πΆ. Determine the following:
a) Heat flux at 8 ππ from leading edge b) Total heat transfer from the first 8 ππ of the plate c) Can Pohlhausen solution be used to find the heat flux at 80 ππ from leading edge
The average temperature is πππ£π =85+25
2= 55 Β°C
Water properties at the average temperature are: π = 0.6507 π π. Β°πΆβ
ππ = 3 π = 0.4748π₯10β6 π2 π ππβ
At 8 ππ, the Reynolds number is calculated such that π ππΏ =ππΏ
π=
2(0.08)
0.4748x10β6 = 336,984
For ππ = 3, the value of ππ(0)
ππ is calculated from:
ππ(0)
ππ= 0.332ππ1 3β = 0.4788
The heat transfer coefficient is calculated from
β = πβπβπ₯
π
ππ(0)
ππ= 0.6507β
2(0.08)
0.4748x10 β 60.4788 = 2,260.86
The heat flux at 8 ππ is calculated from: π = β(ππ β ππ) = 2,260.8(85 β 25) = 135,652 π
π2
The total heat transfer coefficient for the first 8 ππ is β = 2π
πΏβπ ππΏ
ππ(0)
ππ= 4,521.72
π
π2β
Therefore, total heat transfer for the first 8 ππ is calculated from οΏ½οΏ½ = β(ππ β ππ) = 271,303.38 π
π2
At 80 ππ from the leading edge, the Reynolds number becomes 3,369,840 which means that the flow is turbulent (Reynolds number for transition between laminar and turbulent flow is 500,000). Pohlhausen solution is only valid for laminar flow.
6.2 Example 2 An isosceles triangle is drawn on a semi-infinite flat plate at a uniform surface temperature ππ . Consider laminar uniform flow of constant properties fluid over the plate. Determine the rate of heat transfer between the triangle area and the fluid. The local heat transfer coefficient is calculated from
β(π₯) = πβππβ
ππ₯
ππ(0)
ππ
The elemental area is π(π₯)ππ₯ = π₯π»
πΏ
The local rate of heat transfer is then given by π(π₯) = β(π₯)(ππ β πβ)π(π₯)ππ₯
= (ππ β πβ)πβππβ
ππ₯
ππ(0)
πππ₯
π»
πΏππ₯
Uβ
Tβ
L
H
dx
x
b(x)
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Which upon rearranging becomes π(π₯) = (ππ β πβ)πβππβ
π
ππ(0)
ππ
π»
πΏπ₯1 2β ππ₯ which could be integrated to
determine the rate of heat transfer between the triangle area and the fluid such that
οΏ½οΏ½ = (ππ β πβ)πβππβ
π
ππ(0)
ππ
π»
πΏβ« π₯1 2β ππ₯
πΏ
0
=2
3(ππ β πβ)ππ»
ππ(0)
ππβπ ππΏ
6.3 Example 3 The cap of an electronic package is cooled by forced convection. The free stream temperature is 25 Β°πΆ. The Reynolds number at the downstream end of the cap is π π = 110,000. Surface temperature was found to be 145 Β°πΆ. However, reliability requires that surface temperature does not exceed 83 Β°πΆ. One possible solution is to increase the free stream velocity by a factor of 3. You are asked to determine if the surface temperature under this plan will meet design specifications. The heat transfer coefficient is calculated from
β = 2π
πΏβπ ππΏ
ππ(0)
ππ
The amount of heat removed by the original design is
π = β1 π΄(145 β 25) = 120β1
π΄ When the velocity is multiplied by a factor of 3, the Reynolds number becomes π ππΏ2 = 3π ππΏ1 The heat transfer coefficient becomes
β2 = 2
π
πΏβπ ππΏ2
ππ(0)
ππ= β3 β1
The amount of heat to be removed from the package is the same. Therefore
π = β2 π΄(ππ 2 β 25) = 120β1
π΄ Therefore, the surface temperature under the new design is
ππ 2 β 25 =120
β3= 69.28
The surface temperature under the new design is ππ 2 = 94.28 Β°πΆ which exceeds that of the reliability requirement.
7 Variable Surface Temperature A self similar class of solutions exists for problems where the surface temperature varies as
ππ (π₯) = πβ + πΆπ₯π (53)
Where πΆ and the exponent π are constants. The self-similar boundary layer solution is summarized as
π’
πβ= πβ²(π); π = π¦β
πβ
ππ₯;
v
πβ=
1
2β
π
πβπ₯(ππβ² β π) (54)
The energy equation is given
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π’ππ
ππ₯+ v
ππ
ππ¦= πΌ
π2π
ππ¦2 (55)
Subject to the boundary conditions
π(π₯, 0) = ππ (56)
π(π₯, β) = πβ (57)
π(0, π¦) = ππ (58)
Introducing the non-dimensional temperature variable
π =ππ βπ
ππ βπβ (59)
Substituting equation 53 into equation 59
π = πβ + πΆπ₯π β πΆπ₯ππ (60)
Consider the variation of the temperature along the x-direction; ππ
ππ₯
ππ
ππ₯= πΆππ₯πβ1 β πΆππ₯πβ1π β πΆπ₯π ππ
ππ
ππ
ππ₯ (61)
From equation 54 ππ
ππ₯=
βπ
2π₯. Therefore equation 61 becomes
ππ
ππ₯= πΆππ₯πβ1 β πΆππ₯πβ1π + πΆπ₯πβ1 ππ
ππ
π
2= πΆππ₯πβ1 (1 β π +
π
2ππβ²) (62)
The y-derivative of the temperature is
ππ
ππ¦= βπΆπ₯π ππ
ππ
ππ
ππ¦= βπΆπ₯ππβ²β
πβ
ππ₯ (63)
The second derivative of the temperature relative to y is
π2π
ππ¦2 =π
ππ¦(βπΆπ₯ππβ²β
πβ
ππ₯) = βπΆπ₯ππβ²β² πβ
ππ₯= βπΆπ₯πβ1πβ²β²
πβ
π (64)
Substituting equations 54, 60, 62, 63, and 64 into the energy equation 55
πβπβ²πΆππ₯πβ1 (1 β π +π
2ππβ²) β
πβ
2β
π
πβπ₯(ππβ² β π)πΆπ₯ππβ²β
πβ
ππ₯= β
πΌ
ππβπΆπ₯πβ1πβ²β²
Upon rearranging
πβ²π (1 β π +π
2ππβ²) β
1
2(ππβ² β π)πβ² = β
1
πππβ²β²
Which could be further reduced to
πβ²π(1 β π) +1
2πβ²ππβ² β
1
2ππβ²πβ² +
1
2ππβ² = β
1
πππβ²β²
Which finally becomes
πβ²β² + πππ(1 β π)πβ² +ππ
2ππβ² = 0 (65)
Subject to the boundary conditions
π(0) = 0 (66)
π(β) = 1 (67)
The value of the heat transfer coefficient is of special interest. Again applying the Nusselt Modulus one obtains
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β(ππ β πβ) = βπππ(π₯,0)
ππ¦ (68)
Substituting equations 53, and 63 into equation 68
βπΆπ₯π = ππΆπ₯πβπβ
ππ₯
ππ(0)
ππ
Therefore
β(π₯) =π
π₯βπ ππ₯
ππ(0)
ππ (69)
and the local Nusselt number is
ππ’(π₯) = βπ ππ₯ππ(0)
ππ (70)
The average heat transfer coefficient over a distance L is given by
β =2π
πΏβπ ππΏ
ππ(0)
ππ (71)
And the average Nusselt number is given by
ππ’ = 2βπ ππΏππ(0)
ππ (72)
The values of ππ(0)
ππ for different π and ππ are given in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Surface temperature gradient for plate with varying surface Temperature, ππ (π₯) β πβ =
πΆπ₯π
0.0
1.0
2.0
0 0.5 1 1.5
d_
Thet
a(0
)/d
_Et
a
n
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8 Faulkner-Skan flows This class of fluid flows has a self similar solution for the velocity profile. The free stream velocity in this class of flows is given by:
πβ = ππ₯π (73)
Where m is related to the cone angle b through the relationship
π =π½
2βπ½ (74)
Special cases 1. π½ = 0 β π = 0 β flow over a flat plate (75)
x=0
2. π½ = 1 β π = 1 β stagnation flow
x
=1
3. π½ < 1 β flow over a wedge (external flow)
p
x
4. π½ > 1 β flow over a corner (internal flow)
pUβ=Cxm
Tβ
xy
Ts
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x
>1
The continuity equation may be written as
ππ’
ππ₯+
πv
ππ¦= 0 (76)
And the momentum equation is
π’ππ’
ππ₯+ v
ππ’
ππ¦= πβ
ππβ
ππ₯+ π
π2π’
ππ¦2 (77)
Where
πβ = ππ₯π (78)
The boundary conditions are
π’(π₯, 0) = 0 (79)
v(π₯, 0) = 0 (80)
π’(π₯, β) = ππ₯π (81)
The solution of equations 77-81 is obtained by the method of similarity. The similarity variable is defined as
π = π¦βπβ
ππ₯= π¦β
π
ππ₯
πβ1
2 (82)
The velocity distribution is given by
π’
πβ= πΉβ²(π) (83)
From the continuity, the velocity component v is given by
v
πβ= ββ
π
πβπ₯(
π+1
2) (πΉ β
1βπ
1+πππΉβ²) (84)
Substituting equations 78-84 into equation 77, one obtains
πΉβ²β²β² +π+1
2πΉπΉβ²β² β ππΉβ²2 + π = 0 (85)
Subject to the boundary conditions
πΉβ²(0) = 0 (86)
πΉ(0) = 0 (87)
πΉβ²(β) = 1 (88)
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To determine the temperature distribution, consider the energy equation
π’ππ
ππ₯+ v
ππ
ππ¦= πΌ
π2π
ππ¦2 (89)
Subject to the boundary conditions
π(π₯, 0) = 0 (90)
π(π₯, β) = 1 (91)
π(0, π¦) = 1 (92)
Where the non-dimensional temperature variable
π =ππ βπ
ππ βπβ (93)
Using the similarity variable, the energy equation becomes
π2π
ππ2 +ππ
2(π + 1)πΉ(π)
ππ
ππ= 0 (94)
As usual, we are interested in the value of ππ(0)
ππ to calculate the heat transfer coefficient and the Nusselt
number. These values are given in Table 3.
Table 3.Values for ππ(0)
ππ for various ππ numbers
Surface temperature gradient π π½(π)
π πΌ and surface velocity gradient πβ²β²(π) for flow over an
isothermal wedge
m Wedge
angle ππ½ πΉβ²β²(0)
ππ(0)
ππ at five values of ππ
0.7 0.8 1.0 5.0 10.0
0 0 0.326 0.292 0.307 0.332 0.585 0.73
0.111 π 5β (36Β°) 0.5120 0.331 0.348 0.378 0.669 0.851
0.333 π 2β (96Β°) 0.7575 0.384 0.403 0.440 0.792 1.013
1.0 π (180Β°) 1.2326 0.496 0.523 0.570 1.043 1.344
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9 Problems 1. Fluid flows between two parallel plates. It enters with uniform velocity πβ and temperature πβ.
The plates are maintained at uniform surface temperature ππ . Assume laminar boundary layer flow at the entrance. Can Pohlhausen solution be applied to determine the heat transfer coefficient? Explain
y
x
Ts
Tβ
Uβ
2. Two identical rectangles, π΄ and π΅, of dimensions πΏ1π₯πΏ2 are drawn on the surface of a semi-infinite flat plate as shown. Rectangle π΄ is oriented with side πΏ1 along the leading edge while rectangle π΅ is oriented with side πΏ2 along the edge. The plate is maintained at uniform surface temperature.
a. If the flow over rectangle π΄ is laminar, what is it for π΅? b. If the heat transfer rate from plate π΄ is 435 W, what is the rate from plate π΅?
A
B
L1
L1
L2
L2
Top View
TsTβ
Uβ
3. A semi-infinite plate is divided into four equal sections of one centimeter long each. Free stream temperature and velocity are uniform and the flow is laminar. The surface is maintained at uniform temperature. Determine the ratio of the heat transfer rate from the third section to that from the second section.
Tβ
Uβ
1 2 3 4
x
Ts
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4. A fluid at a uniform velocity and temperature flows over a semi-infinite flat plate. The surface
temperature is uniform. Assume laminar boundary layer flow. a. What will be the percent change in the local heat transfer coefficient if the free stream
velocity is reduced by a factor of two? b. What will be the percent change in the local heat transfer coefficient if the distance from
the leading edge is reduced by a factor of two?
5. Use Pohlhausen's solution to derive an expression for the ratio of the thermal boundary layer thickness for two fluids. The Prandtl number of one fluid is 1.0 and its kinematic viscosity is 0.12π₯10β6 π2 π ππβ . The Prandtl number of the second fluid is 100 and its kinematic viscosity is 6.8π₯10β6 π2 π ππβ .
6. Water at 25Β°πΆ flows over a flat plate with a uniform velocity of 2 π π ππβ . The plate is maintained
at 85Β°πΆ. Determine the following: a. The thermal boundary layer thickness at a distance of 8 ππ from the leading edge. b. The heat flux at this location. c. The total heat transfer from the first 8 ππ of the plate. d. Whether Pohlhausen's solution can be used to find the heat flux at a distance of 80 ππ
from the leading edge.
7. The cap of an electronic package is cooled by forced convection. The free stream temperature is 25Β°πΆ. The Reynolds number at the downstream end of the cap is 110,000. Surface temperature was found to be 145Β°πΆ. However, reliability requires that surface temperature does not exceed 83Β°πΆ. One possible solution to this design problem is to increase the free stream velocity by a factor of 3. You are asked to determine if surface the temperature under this plan will meet design specification.
Tβ
Uβ Ts
cap
8. A fluid with Prandtl number 0.098 flows over a semi-infinite flat plate. The free stream temperature is πβ and the free stream velocity is πβ. The surface of the plate is maintained at uniform temperature ππ . Assume laminar flow.
a. Derive an equation for the local Nusselt number. b. Determine the heat transfer rate from a section of the plate between π₯1 and π₯2. The width
of the plate is π. c. Derive an equation for the thermal boundary layer thickness πΏπ‘(π₯).
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x1
Uβ
Tβ yx
x2
W
9. Two identical triangles are drawn on the surface of a flat plate as shown. The plate, which is maintained at uniform surface temperature, is cooled by laminar forced convection. Determine the ratio of the heat transfer rate from the two triangles, π1 π2β .
L
Top View
Ts
Tβ
Uβ
1
2H
10. An isosceles triangle is drawn on a semi-infinite flat plate at a uniform surface temperature ππ . Consider laminar uniform flow of constant properties fluid over the plate. Determine the rate of heat transfer between the triangular area and the fluid.
Uβ
Tβ Ts
L
H
11. Determine the total heat transfer rate from a half circle drawn on a semi-infinite plate as shown. Assume laminar two-dimensional boundary layer flow over the plate.
Ts
Tβ
Uβ
r0
r0
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12. Consider steady, two-dimensional, laminar boundary layer flow over a semi-infinite plate. The surface is maintained at uniform temperature ππ . Determine the total heat transfer rate from the
surface area described by π¦(π₯) = π»βπ₯ πΏβ as shown.
Ts
Tβ
Uβ
Top View
H
L
y
x
L
xHy
13. Fluid flows over a semi-infinite flat plate which is maintained at uniform surface temperature. It is desired to double the rate of heat transfer from a circular area of radius π 1 by increasing its radius to π 2. Determine the percent increase in radius needed to accomplish this change. In both cases the circle is tangent to the leading edge. Assume laminar boundary layer flow with constant properties.
Uβ
Tβ
TsR1
R2
14. Consider laminar boundary layer flow over a flat plate at a uniform temperature ππ . When the Prandtl number is very high the viscous boundary layer is much thicker than the thermal boundary layer. Assume that the thermal boundary layer is entirely within the part of the velocity boundary layer in which the velocity profile is approximately linear. Show that for such approximation the Nusselt number is given by
ππ’ = 0.339ππ1 3β π π1 2β
Note: β« ππ₯π(βππ₯3)ππ₯β
0=
π€(1 3β )
3π1 3β , where π€ is the Gamma function.
15. A semi infinite plate is heated with uniform flux πβ²β² along its length. The free stream temperature
is πβ and free stream velocity is πβ. Since the heat transfer coefficient varies with distance along the plate, Newtonβs law of cooling requires that surface temperature must also vary to maintain uniform heat flux. Consider the case of laminar boundary layer flow over a plate whose surface temperature varies according to: ππ (π₯) β πβ = πΆπ₯π. Working with the solution to this case, show that π = 1 2β corresponds to a plate with uniform surface flux.
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16. Water flows over a semi-infinite flat plate which is maintained at a variable surface temperatureππ
given by: ππ (π₯) β πβ = πΆπ₯0.75 where πΆ = 54.27 Β°πΆ π0.75β , πβ is the free stream temperature =3Β°πΆ, and π₯ is the distance from the leading edge, π. Determine the average heat transfer coefficient for a plate if length πΏ = 0.3 π. The free stream velocity is 1.2 π π ππβ .
17. Air flows over a plate which is heated non-uniformly such that its surface temperature increases
linearly as the distance from the leading edge is increased according to: ππ (π₯) β πβ = πΆπ₯ where πΆ = 24 Β°πΆ πβ , πβ is the free stream temperature = 20Β°πΆ, and π₯ is the distance from the leading edge, π. Determine the total heat transfer rate from a square plate 10 ππ π₯ 10 ππ. The free stream velocity is 3.2 π π ππβ .
18. The surface temperature of a plate varies with distance from the leading edge according to the
relationship: ππ (π₯) β πβ = πΆπ₯0.8. Two identical triangles are drawn on the surface as shown. Fluid at uniform upstream temperature πβ and uniform upstream velocity πβ flows over the plate. Assume laminar boundary layer flow. Determine the ratio of the heat transfer rate from the two triangles, π1 π2β .
L
Top View
Ts
Tβ
Uβ
1
2H
19. Construct a plot showing the variation of ππ’π₯ βπ ππ₯β with wedge angle. ππ’π₯ is the local Nusselt
number and π ππ₯ is the local Reynolds number. Assume laminar boundary layer flow of air. 20. Consider laminar boundary layer flow over a wedge. Show that the average Nusselt number ππ’
for a wedge of length πΏ is given by
ππ’ =2
π + 1
ππ(0)
πππ ππΏ
where the Reynolds number is defined as: π ππΏ =πΏπβ(πΏ)
π.
21. Compare the total heat transfer rate from a 90Β° wedge, ππ€ with that from a flat plate, ππ of the
same length. Construct a plot of ππ€ ππβ as a function of Prandtl number.
22. Consider laminar boundary layer flow over a wedge at a uniform temperature ππ . When the
Prandtl number is very high the viscous boundary layer is much thicker than the thermal boundary layer. Assume that the velocity profile within the thermal boundary layer is approximately linear. Show that for such approximation the local Nusselt number is given by:
ππ’π₯ = 0.489[(π + 1)πΉβ²β²(0)ππ]1 3β π π1 2β
Note: β« ππ₯π(βππ₯3)ππ₯β
0=
π€(1 3β )
3π1 3β , where π€ is the Gamma function.