Chapter 6Chapter 6

Indian RemovalIndian Removal

Indian RemovalIndian Removal

1783-18381783-1838One of the darkest periods in Indian (Native American) One of the darkest periods in Indian (Native American)

history.history. Forced out of their traditional lands and moved to unknown Forced out of their traditional lands and moved to unknown

territoriesterritories.. Georgia was no exceptionGeorgia was no exception

James VannJames Vann

Cherokee Indian ChiefCherokee Indian Chief Plantation ownerPlantation owner

Had slavesHad slaves Murray County, GAMurray County, GA

Indians still hunters and Indians still hunters and farmers…farmers…

Contributed to Contributed to advancement of the advancement of the Cherokee Nation.Cherokee Nation.

Chief James Vann

The Vann House

SequoyahSequoyah George GistGeorge Gist Cherokee IndianCherokee Indian ““Lonely Lame One”Lonely Lame One” BlacksmithBlacksmith

Interested in the “white man’s Interested in the “white man’s talking leaves” (letters)talking leaves” (letters)

Created an alphabet and syllabary Created an alphabet and syllabary for the Cherokee spoken language.for the Cherokee spoken language.

11stst tribe to have a written language tribe to have a written language 12 years to complete12 years to complete Received 1Received 1stst North American literary North American literary

prize ($500/year)prize ($500/year)

SyllabarySyllabary: a group of symbols that : a group of symbols that stand for whole syllables (sounds)stand for whole syllables (sounds)

Without closing lips Without closing lips

Sequoyah-George Gist

Sequoyah’s Alphabet

Cherokee PhoenixCherokee Phoenix

Elias Elias BoudinotBoudinot: editor of the first Indian newspaper : editor of the first Indian newspaper (Cherokee Phoenix)(Cherokee Phoenix)

United the tribesUnited the tribes of the Cherokee Nation from Alabama to of the Cherokee Nation from Alabama to VirginiaVirginia

Cherokee capital used to be where ever the ‘principal’ Cherokee capital used to be where ever the ‘principal’ chief livedchief lived

i.e.. Stephens County (1715)i.e.. Stephens County (1715) Permanent capital established at New EchotaPermanent capital established at New Echota

Present day Gordon CountyPresent day Gordon County Library, courthouses and newspaper located hereLibrary, courthouses and newspaper located here Followed almost identical form of government as the United Followed almost identical form of government as the United

States and Georgia (Constitutions)States and Georgia (Constitutions)

Indian and Settler ConflictsIndian and Settler Conflicts

A constant conflict remained between the Indians A constant conflict remained between the Indians and westward moving settlers.and westward moving settlers. Some settlers and traders cheated, tricked, and Some settlers and traders cheated, tricked, and

enslaved Indians…increasing the tensions.enslaved Indians…increasing the tensions.

Capitol building at New Echota

The Yamasee War (1715)The Yamasee War (1715)

The Yamasee (Creek) Tribe attacked and killed South Carolinian traders in The Yamasee (Creek) Tribe attacked and killed South Carolinian traders in coastal towns.coastal towns.

The settlers plan to defeat a larger Indian force was to divide the tribes The settlers plan to defeat a larger Indian force was to divide the tribes to fight against one anotherto fight against one another

Lower Creeks going to meet the Cherokee to talk about war plans were Lower Creeks going to meet the Cherokee to talk about war plans were instead attacked by them causing a split that would last for yearsinstead attacked by them causing a split that would last for years

• The Creeks eventually moved west (inland)The Creeks eventually moved west (inland)• The ones that remained were the same that would go on to help OglethorpeThe ones that remained were the same that would go on to help Oglethorpe

The French and Indian WarThe French and Indian War1756-17631756-1763

““The Seven Years War”The Seven Years War”

Fought over fur trading rights of Fought over fur trading rights of North America, Atlantic, and North America, Atlantic, and territorial disputes.territorial disputes.

Ohio and Mississippi RiversOhio and Mississippi Rivers Virginia Governor Dinwiddie Virginia Governor Dinwiddie

sent George Washington to the sent George Washington to the French Fort Duquesne French Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh) with an ultimatum (Pittsburgh) with an ultimatum to leave.to leave.

After a French reply of “No’ After a French reply of “No’ Washington returned with Washington returned with British troops and was defeated British troops and was defeated at Great Meadows, PA.at Great Meadows, PA.

UltimatumUltimatum: a threat to take action : a threat to take action if a demand is not met (“or else”) if a demand is not met (“or else”)

Governor Dinwiddie

Washington surrendering to the French

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War

FrenchFrench

Indian AlliesIndian Allies:: Cherokee, Delaware, Cherokee, Delaware,

Shawnee, Ottawa…Shawnee, Ottawa…• Most tribes sided with the Most tribes sided with the

FrenchFrench

Fighting MethodsFighting Methods:: Hiding behind trees ad in Hiding behind trees ad in

the cover of the forest the cover of the forest (Guerrilla War)(Guerrilla War)

BritishBritish

Indian AlliesIndian Allies::• Iroquois…Iroquois…

Fighting MethodsFighting Methods:: Dressed in bright uniforms, Dressed in bright uniforms,

marched in formation, with marched in formation, with drums pounding and band drums pounding and band playingplaying

F & I War EventsF & I War Events 17591759: The British capture of : The British capture of

QuebecQuebec Signaled the end of French Signaled the end of French

power in North Americapower in North America 17631763: : Congress of Augusta:Congress of Augusta:

Governors from Georgia, SC, Governors from Georgia, SC, NC, and Virginia met with NC, and Virginia met with Indian representativesIndian representatives

• Indian Chiefs promised peace Indian Chiefs promised peace and gave up much of their and gave up much of their landland

Treaty of Paris of 1763Treaty of Paris of 1763:: FranceFrance-gave up North -gave up North

American territory American territory EASTEAST of the of the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

SpainSpain-lost Florida-lost Florida

Quebec 1759

Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763

Established boundaries to preserve the peace between Established boundaries to preserve the peace between the Indians and the colonists.the Indians and the colonists.

Colonists could settle in all areas Colonists could settle in all areas EASTEAST of the Appalachian of the Appalachian MountainsMountains

Georgia’s southern boundary was extended to the Georgia’s southern boundary was extended to the St. Mary’s St. Mary’s RiverRiver

The Oconee WarThe Oconee War During the late 1700s, as During the late 1700s, as pioneer pioneer

settlements pushed into Creek lands,settlements pushed into Creek lands, bad feelings started to arise along the bad feelings started to arise along the Oconee River region.Oconee River region.

Indians attacked settlements and Indians attacked settlements and pioneers were ordered to shoot the pioneers were ordered to shoot the Creek on sight.Creek on sight.

Creek ChiefCreek Chief: Alexander McGillivray: Alexander McGillivray

Pres. Washington and McGillivray met in Pres. Washington and McGillivray met in New York to discuss a peace.New York to discuss a peace.

Treaty of New YorkTreaty of New York::1.1. Creek gave up land East of the Creek gave up land East of the

Oconee RiverOconee River2.2. Money given to CreekMoney given to Creek3.3. U.S. promised no settlers West of U.S. promised no settlers West of

the Oconee Riverthe Oconee River4.4. Government would give farming Government would give farming

equip.equip. Both side ignored the treatyBoth side ignored the treaty Smaller treaties maintained a fragile Smaller treaties maintained a fragile

peace until 1812.peace until 1812.

Alexander McGillivray

War Against the Creek IndiansWar Against the Creek Indians

Georgia’s version of the War of 1812Georgia’s version of the War of 1812 Red SticksRed Sticks: Creek Indians who wanted war and allied : Creek Indians who wanted war and allied

themselves with the Britishthemselves with the British White SticksWhite Sticks: Creek Indians who wanted peace: Creek Indians who wanted peace

Fort MimsFort Mims 1000 Red Sticks attacked Fort Mims (Alabama) killing 1000 Red Sticks attacked Fort Mims (Alabama) killing

400 settlers, army officers, and White Sticks.400 settlers, army officers, and White Sticks. U.S. troops from Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama and Mississippi U.S. troops from Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama and Mississippi

Territories rallied.Territories rallied.• ““Remember Fort Mims!”Remember Fort Mims!”

Battle of Horseshoe BendBattle of Horseshoe Bend No battles in Georgia No battles in Georgia

against British troops during against British troops during the War of 1812.the War of 1812.

Battle of Horseshoe BendBattle of Horseshoe Bend

General Andrew Jackson: led a group of U.S. soldiers against Red Stick Creeks and defeating them.

The Creek united nation was now becoming divided and separated; weakening with every defeat.

Andrew Jackson Collage

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

1.1. No European nation could establish new colonies in the Western No European nation could establish new colonies in the Western hemisphere.hemisphere.

2.2. No European nation could intervene in the affairs of independent No European nation could intervene in the affairs of independent New World nations.New World nations.

3.3. The United States would not interfere in European affairs, The United States would not interfere in European affairs, including any already established colonies in the New World.including any already established colonies in the New World.

President James Monroe

Instrumental PeopleInstrumental People

Governor George TroupDahlonega Gold Coin

““Glass” TreatiesGlass” Treaties Treaty of Indian SpringsTreaty of Indian Springs: Chief William McIntosh and Georgia : Chief William McIntosh and Georgia

Governor George Troup Governor George Troup (Cousins!)(Cousins!) arranged to have Indian lands arranged to have Indian lands given to Georgia in exchange for $200,000given to Georgia in exchange for $200,000

Many Many Creeks disagreedCreeks disagreed with the Treaty and murdered McIntosh at his with the Treaty and murdered McIntosh at his home in Carroll County.home in Carroll County.

Treaty of WashingtonTreaty of Washington: 2 million acres of land were to be set aside : 2 million acres of land were to be set aside for Creek living and farming in the Alabama and Mississippi for Creek living and farming in the Alabama and Mississippi Territories.Territories.

Creek could then own the land after 5 years.Creek could then own the land after 5 years. Treaty was almost instantly broken by frontiersmen who burned and Treaty was almost instantly broken by frontiersmen who burned and

looted Indian homes, while also killing many Indians.looted Indian homes, while also killing many Indians.• U.S. Army intervened and moved 1000 Creek to the U.S. Army intervened and moved 1000 Creek to the Indian Territory of Indian Territory of

OklahomaOklahoma• To help stop this removal the Creek offered to help the U.S. fight in the To help stop this removal the Creek offered to help the U.S. fight in the

Seminole War in Florida…didn’t work.Seminole War in Florida…didn’t work.

James Fenimore CooperJames Fenimore Cooper: “The Last of the Mohicans”: “The Last of the Mohicans”

Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act 18281828: Andrew Jackson elected President: Andrew Jackson elected President

Was allied with the Indians when fighting against the Red SticksWas allied with the Indians when fighting against the Red Sticks Allied with Southern whites after the fighting was overAllied with Southern whites after the fighting was over

• VOTES!VOTES!

Indian Removal Act (1830):Indian Removal Act (1830): Called for Indians to be moved to the western territories (Oklahoma)Called for Indians to be moved to the western territories (Oklahoma) Passed by only 14 votes in CongressPassed by only 14 votes in Congress

Georgia Creek and Cherokee conditionsGeorgia Creek and Cherokee conditions:: Lost hunting grounds (starving)Lost hunting grounds (starving) Begging for food (Columbus)Begging for food (Columbus) SmallpoxSmallpox

Gold in Dahlonega!Gold in Dahlonega! ““Discovered” by Discovered” by Benjamin ParksBenjamin Parks (Cherokee had known) (Cherokee had known) AurariaAuraria: first gold mining center in the U.S.: first gold mining center in the U.S. As miners moved in, disputes arose between the white man’s laws and the As miners moved in, disputes arose between the white man’s laws and the

Indians (Even rights to the gold)Indians (Even rights to the gold)

Missionaries in GeorgiaMissionaries in Georgia Missionaries helped the Indians with many aspects of life…religion, farming, Missionaries helped the Indians with many aspects of life…religion, farming,

government, and decent.government, and decent. 18301830: Georgia passed a law stating that any white person could not live on : Georgia passed a law stating that any white person could not live on

Indian land without taking an Indian land without taking an “oath of allegiance”.“oath of allegiance”. Samuel Worchester and Elizur ButlerSamuel Worchester and Elizur Butler (Missionaries) arrested for failing to take (Missionaries) arrested for failing to take

oathoath Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in their favorSupreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in their favor

• Gwinnett County refused to release them and President Andrew Jackson said, Gwinnett County refused to release them and President Andrew Jackson said, “John Marshall has rendered his decision; now let him enforce it!”“John Marshall has rendered his decision; now let him enforce it!”

Chief Justice John Marshall

The Trail of TearsThe Trail of Tears

Cherokee Cherokee Chief John RossChief John Ross made several last ditch effort trips to made several last ditch effort trips to Washington to ask Congress for help…None came!Washington to ask Congress for help…None came!

Treaty of New EchotaTreaty of New Echota: Cherokee summoned to their Capital and told to : Cherokee summoned to their Capital and told to sign the treaty giving up their rights to all remaining southeastern land.sign the treaty giving up their rights to all remaining southeastern land.

2000 Cherokee agreed to sign and move west for money and assistance.2000 Cherokee agreed to sign and move west for money and assistance. 15000 Cherokee refused to sign; staying behind.15000 Cherokee refused to sign; staying behind.

• These are the Indians that would become “The Trail of Tears”These are the Indians that would become “The Trail of Tears”

The Trail of TearsThe Trail of Tears General Winfield ScottGeneral Winfield Scott was ordered to remove the remaining was ordered to remove the remaining

15000 Cherokee15000 Cherokee They were rounded up and placed in stockades where hundreds died They were rounded up and placed in stockades where hundreds died

of illnessof illness• Internment CampsInternment Camps

Two routesTwo routes::1.1. Crowded boats using a river passageCrowded boats using a river passage2.2. Others began an 800 mile walk to the new Indian territoryOthers began an 800 mile walk to the new Indian territory

Food was scarceFood was scarce Boats dirtyBoats dirty Sickness and starvationSickness and starvation

Major Ridge, a Cherokee trader, and his son, as well as Elias Major Ridge, a Cherokee trader, and his son, as well as Elias Boudinot were killed by the other Indians for signing the Boudinot were killed by the other Indians for signing the treaty without tribal approval.treaty without tribal approval.

EmigratedEmigrated: move out or away from: move out or away from ANuna-da-ut-sun’yANuna-da-ut-sun’y: “The trail where they cried!”: “The trail where they cried!”

CREDITS ICREDITS I Page 2: Page 2: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h1567.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h1567.html Page 3 (2): Page 3 (2): http://home.alltel.net/vannhouse/http://home.alltel.net/vannhouse/ Page 4 (2): Page 4 (2): http://www.neosoft.com/powersource/gallery/people/sequoyah.htmlhttp://www.neosoft.com/powersource/gallery/people/sequoyah.html Page 6: Page 6: http://ngeorgia.com/parks/new.htmlhttp://ngeorgia.com/parks/new.html Page 7: Page 7: http://www.petersnn.org/1st_people.htmhttp://www.petersnn.org/1st_people.htm Page 8: Page 8: http://members.tripod.com/~ripple4u/rdinwiddie.htmhttp://members.tripod.com/~ripple4u/rdinwiddie.htm Page 8: Page 8: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h608.htmlhttp://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h608.html Page 10: Page 10: http://www.canadianheritage.org/reproductions/20267.htmhttp://www.canadianheritage.org/reproductions/20267.htm Page 10: Page 10: http://www.historicaldocuments.com/TreatyofParis1763Maplg.htmhttp://www.historicaldocuments.com/TreatyofParis1763Maplg.htm Page 11: Page 11: http://www.alexandriacentral.org/cove/proc1763.htmlhttp://www.alexandriacentral.org/cove/proc1763.html Page 12: Page 12: http://www.gwu.edu/~ffcp/exhibit/p9/p9_7.htmlhttp://www.gwu.edu/~ffcp/exhibit/p9/p9_7.html Page 12: Page 12: http://www.ncf.ca/~cv297/famous.htmlhttp://www.ncf.ca/~cv297/famous.html Page 14: Page 14: http://www.multied.com/1812/Horseshoe.htmlhttp://www.multied.com/1812/Horseshoe.html Page 14: Page 14: http://www.ngb.army.mil/gallery/presidential/jackson.asphttp://www.ngb.army.mil/gallery/presidential/jackson.asp Page 15: Page 15: http://www.jamesmonroe.net/http://www.jamesmonroe.net/

CREDITS IICREDITS II Page 16: Page 16: http://www.americanliterature.com/LM/LMINDX.HTMLhttp://www.americanliterature.com/LM/LMINDX.HTML Page 16: http://www.rootsweb.com/~okgenweb/maps/itmap.htmPage 16: http://www.rootsweb.com/~okgenweb/maps/itmap.htm Page 16: http://www.sos.state.ga.us/onlinetour/2ndfloor/portarits/george_troup.htmlPage 16: http://www.sos.state.ga.us/onlinetour/2ndfloor/portarits/george_troup.html Page 19: http://www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/legal_entity/13/Page 19: http://www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/legal_entity/13/ Page 20: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/trail-of-tears.htmPage 20: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/trail-of-tears.htm Page 20: http://ngeorgia.com/people/scott.htmlPage 20: http://ngeorgia.com/people/scott.html