Chapter 6Chapter 6EcologyEcology

Preserving The Animal Preserving The Animal KingdomKingdom

Animals and Their Abiotic Animals and Their Abiotic EnvironmentEnvironment

Habitat: includes all living and nonliving Habitat: includes all living and nonliving of the animals environmentof the animals environment

Tolerance Range: the range of values in Tolerance Range: the range of values in which animals livewhich animals live

Range of Optimum: Defines the conditions Range of Optimum: Defines the conditions under which an animal is most successfulunder which an animal is most successful

Limiting Factor: when factors necessary Limiting Factor: when factors necessary for an animal’s survival and reproduction for an animal’s survival and reproduction in out of rangein out of range

Taxis: when an animal orients itself to an Taxis: when an animal orients itself to an abiotic factorabiotic factor

ENERGYENERGY

HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Autotrophic Autotrophic Energy budgetEnergy budget

TEMPERTURETEMPERTURE

TorporTorpor HibervationHibervation Winter sleepWinter sleep Aetivation Aetivation

OTHER ABIOTIC OTHER ABIOTIC FACTORSFACTORS

Include: moisture, light, geology, Include: moisture, light, geology, and soils.and soils.

The texture, amount of organic The texture, amount of organic matter, fertility, and water holding matter, fertility, and water holding ablity directly influence the number ablity directly influence the number and kinds of animals living in or on and kinds of animals living in or on the soil.the soil.

POPULATIONSPOPULATIONS

Populations are groups of individuals Populations are groups of individuals of the same species that occupy a of the same species that occupy a given area at the same time and given area at the same time and have unique attributes.have unique attributes.

2 important attributes involve the 2 important attributes involve the potential for population growth and potential for population growth and the limits that the environment the limits that the environment places on population growth. places on population growth.

POPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH Exponential growth: the population Exponential growth: the population

increases by the same ratio per unit time.increases by the same ratio per unit time. Environmental resistance: the constraints Environmental resistance: the constraints

that climate, food, space, and other that climate, food, space, and other environmental factors place on a environmental factors place on a populationpopulation

Carrying capacity: the population size that Carrying capacity: the population size that a particular environment can support a particular environment can support

Logistic population growth: growth curves Logistic population growth: growth curves assume a sigmiod, or flattened S shapeassume a sigmiod, or flattened S shape

POPULATION POPULATION REGULATIONREGULATION

The conditions that an animal must meet to The conditions that an animal must meet to survive are unique for every species.survive are unique for every species.

Density-independent factors: influence the Density-independent factors: influence the number of animals in a population without number of animals in a population without regard to the number of individuals per unit regard to the number of individuals per unit space.space. Ex. Weather conditions often limit populationEx. Weather conditions often limit population

Density-dependent factors: are more severe Density-dependent factors: are more severe when population density is high (or when population density is high (or sometimes very low) than they are a other sometimes very low) than they are a other densities.densities.

INTRASPECIFIC INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITIONCOMPETITION

Intraspecific competition: Intraspecific competition: competition aming members of the competition aming members of the same species.same species.

INTERSPECIFIC INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONSINTERACTIONS

Members of other species can affect Members of other species can affect all characteristics of a population.all characteristics of a population.

Interspecific interactions include Interspecific interactions include herbivory, predation, competition, herbivory, predation, competition, coevolution, and smbiosis. coevolution, and smbiosis.

Herbivory and PredationHerbivory and Predation

Animala that feed on plants by Animala that feed on plants by croppig portions of the plant, but croppig portions of the plant, but usually not killing the plant, are usually not killing the plant, are herbivores.herbivores.

This conversion provides food for This conversion provides food for predators that feed by killing and predators that feed by killing and eating other organisms. eating other organisms.

Interspecific CompetitionInterspecific Competition

When members of different species When members of different species compete for resources, one species compete for resources, one species may be forced to move or move or may be forced to move or move or become extinct, or the two species become extinct, or the two species may share the resource and coexist.may share the resource and coexist.

CoevolutionCoevolution

Occurs when species are competing Occurs when species are competing for the same resource or during for the same resource or during predator-prey interactionspredator-prey interactions

Also occurs with flowering plants Also occurs with flowering plants and pollinating animals.and pollinating animals.

SymbiosisSymbiosis Symbiosis: some of the best examples of Symbiosis: some of the best examples of

adaptations arising through coevolution come adaptations arising through coevolution come from two different species living in continuing, from two different species living in continuing, intimate associationsintimate associations

Parasitism: a common form of symbiosis in Parasitism: a common form of symbiosis in which one organism lives in or on a second which one organism lives in or on a second organism. organism.

Commensalism: a symbiotic relationship in Commensalism: a symbiotic relationship in which one member of the relationship benefits, which one member of the relationship benefits, and the second is neither helped nor harmed. and the second is neither helped nor harmed.

Mutualism: a symbiotic relationship that Mutualism: a symbiotic relationship that benefits both membersbenefits both members

Other Interspecific Other Interspecific AdaptationsAdaptations

Camouflage: occurs when an animal’s color Camouflage: occurs when an animal’s color patterns help hide the animal, or a patterns help hide the animal, or a developmental stage, from another animal. developmental stage, from another animal.

Cryptic coloration: is a type of camouflage that Cryptic coloration: is a type of camouflage that occurs when an animal takes on color patterns in occurs when an animal takes on color patterns in its environment to prevent the animal from being its environment to prevent the animal from being seen by other animals.seen by other animals.

Countershading: is a kind of camouflage common Countershading: is a kind of camouflage common in frog and toad eggs.in frog and toad eggs.

Aposematic coloration: warning patterns on Aposematic coloration: warning patterns on animalsanimals

Mimicry: when a species resembles another Mimicry: when a species resembles another species and gains porotection. species and gains porotection.

COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

Community-all population living in an Community-all population living in an areaarea

Ex: a stream community of rainbow Ex: a stream community of rainbow trouts that helps controll the trouts that helps controll the population of invertebratespopulation of invertebrates

Dominant species: are responsible for Dominant species: are responsible for establishing community characteristic.establishing community characteristic.

Community diversity: a variety of Community diversity: a variety of animals in a communityanimals in a community

The Ecological NicheThe Ecological Niche

Ecological niche includes all Ecological niche includes all attributes of an animal’s lifestyleattributes of an animal’s lifestyle

Ex: where it looks for food, what it Ex: where it looks for food, what it eats, where it nests & the condition eats, where it nests & the condition of temp.of temp.

Community StabilityCommunity Stability

Succession: the dominant members os Succession: the dominant members os the community change a community in the community change a community in predictable wayspredictable ways

Pioneer community: the first community Pioneer community: the first community to become established in an areato become established in an area

Seral stage: each successional stageSeral stage: each successional stage Sere: the entire successional sequence Sere: the entire successional sequence Climax community: the final communityClimax community: the final community

Trophic structure of Trophic structure of EcologyEcology

Ecosystems: communities and their Ecosystems: communities and their physical environment physical environment

Food Chain: the sequence of organisms Food Chain: the sequence of organisms through which energy moves in an through which energy moves in an ecosystem ecosystem

Food webs: complex interconnected food Food webs: complex interconnected food chainschains

Trophic level: organisms grouped Trophic level: organisms grouped accorhing to the form of energy used.accorhing to the form of energy used. Producers (autotrophs)Producers (autotrophs) Consumers (heterotrophs)Consumers (heterotrophs)

Cycling Within Cycling Within EcosystemsEcosystems

Biogeochemical Cycles: matter Biogeochemical Cycles: matter moving through the ecosystem. moving through the ecosystem.

Ecological ProblemsEcological Problems

Name some ecological problems.Name some ecological problems.

Human Population Human Population GrowthGrowth

Age structure: shows the proportion Age structure: shows the proportion of a population in prereproductive, of a population in prereproductive, reproductive, and postreproductive reproductive, and postreproductive classes. classes.

Birthrates are falling world round Birthrates are falling world round due to more women in the work due to more women in the work force and the AIDS epidemic. force and the AIDS epidemic.

PollutionPollution

Pollution is any detrimental change to an Pollution is any detrimental change to an ecosystem. ecosystem.

Acid deposition: falling sulfuric acid made Acid deposition: falling sulfuric acid made by combined sulfur dioxide and water.by combined sulfur dioxide and water.

Greenhouse effect: carbon dioxide Greenhouse effect: carbon dioxide released in burning fuels is accumulating released in burning fuels is accumulating in the atmosphere.in the atmosphere.

Biological magnification: the Biological magnification: the accumulation of matter in food websaccumulation of matter in food webs

Resource Depletion and Resource Depletion and BiodiversityBiodiversity

Biodiversity: the variety of living Biodiversity: the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem. organisms in an ecosystem.