Chapter 6

Ancient Greece

Talk about the Greek and Roman Art forms.

Flat images

Attention to the body, Muscles

7 years ago, in 2009, the Zeus debates began.

Lesson 1 Vocabulary -Geography

•Peninsula•Colony•Attica•Peloponnesus

•Crete•Rhodes•Phoenicia

1. “Aegean World”• Aegean – sea north of the

Mediterranean Sea• Site of Ancient Greece• Lots of peninsulas…islands too• Major peninsulas – Attica &

Peloponnesus• Major islands- Crete & Rhodes

2.Rugged Lands• Mountains• Mt. Olympus – highest peak• Little fertile land• Lots of narrow valleys: small

streams only• Crops: olives, grapes• Goats: raised for wool, cheese,

milk

Most Greeks ate fairly simple foods, which were cooked in olive oil over charcoal on an open fire in the kitchen.

Can you unscramble these foods and drinks of the Ancient Greeks?

• hecsee• vilose• nihkcec• kiml• pegars

• derab• niew• sigf• hisf• tifur• yenho

3. The Role of the Sea• Depended on sea for food

and sea travel• Sea travel:

– Linked Greeks to other lands– Contact with other civilizations– Became accomplished

sailors

3. The Role of the Sea cont’d

• TRIREMES –– Major sailing vessels– 150 ft long, used 50 oars– 3 groups of oarsmen-

captured P.O.Ws = Prisoners of War.

– Had 30 supervisors

– Used by merchants, fishers– Traded with Nile delta

people– fast

4. Mediterranean Colonies•People from Phoenicia

–Great sailors–Not part of Greece •Colonies: settlement of new lands- Greeks compete w/ Phoenicians for colonies

5. Exchange of Ideas• Phoenicians had 22 symbols• Greeks borrowed many of

the symbols• Created the ALPHABET• Revised b/c cuneiforms were

too long and took up too much space

The Greek AlphabetThe Greek Alphabet• The alphabet we use today was

derived from the Ancient Greek alphabet. The word “alphabet” itself comes from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet – “alpha” and “beta.”

• It came from the Phoenicians who were located East of Greece and NW of Egypt on Asia .

 

                                             

       

                                             

        

Let’s Try!

•Volunteers to say the

alphabet

Lesson 2Greek City

StatesSparta and

Athens**Read about these city-states

in the separate pkthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGa_qAqpNj0

P/T Conferences

Lesson 2 Vocabulary•polis Parthenon•Sparta Athena•Athens Acropolis•helot agora

The POLIS• Polis: Greek name for a city-

state• The city and the land around it• People obey laws of the

leaders• Mostly on the coast of Greece• Sparta & Athens the most

powerful

 

SPARTA=War and Valor- bravery and courage

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkWS9PiXekE

Sparta• On southern Peloponnesus• Military/warlike• Developed a strong army- made them

more self-disciplined• https://youtu.be/MEJayUynde4-formation• Conquered foreign lands• Conquered people were called HELOTS• HELOTS farmed the land• HELOTS revolted

Life in Sparta• Controlled by MILITARY GOV’T• Children were judged at birth. If they were strong….LIVED!• Children were children of the state more than of their parents.

They were raised to be soldiers, loyal to the state, strong and self-disciplined. It began at birth. When a Spartan baby was born, soldiers came to the house and examined it carefully to determine its strength. The baby was bathed in wine rather than water, to see its reaction. If a baby was weak, the Spartans left it on the hillside or took it away to become a slave (helot). The Spartans were particularly picky about their children. It was not just a matter of the family, the city-state decided the fate of the child. Noted for their bravery

• Boys – military training-what age?• Girls- sports, wrestling, trained to defend and run their

estates• Women – couldn’t vote-but offered their opinions on public

matters.

Sparta’s Food PreferenceSparta’s Food Preference• As part of their harsh way of life, the

Spartans took pride in how little care they gave to preparing food and how little pleasure they took in eating it.

• “Hunger is the best seasoning for food,” they proclaimed.

• After finishing a meal, a visitor to a Spartan military dining hall said, “Now I understand why the Spartans do not fear death.”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rcp-P9T5CcU

Athens•By the sea•Center of trade•Skilled sailors•Freedom was cherished•People were encouraged to

gain knowledge

Parthenon

Acropolis

The AcropolisThe Acropolis

Life in Athens

• Agoras = central market places

• Agoras had– Temples– Activities– Students– Merchants from

all over the world

All began in Athens:Democracy, Theater, Myths, Philosophy, Olympics

The Acropolis- con’t• Acropolis – ACRO – high POLIS –

city• Religious, gov’t and defense

purposes• Largest building is the

Parthenon – a temple dedicated to ATHENA- used once as a church, mosque and then storage for ammunition which explode in 1687.

• ATHENA – Greek goddess of wisdom, protector of Athens

DO NOW:

• Please decide which polis you would prefer to live in: Athens or Sparta?

• Be ready to support your reason as to why?

The Persian WarsAs well as the ancient Greek city-states, other civilizations were located around the Mediterranean Sea, one of which was ancient Egypt. One of the most powerful and well organized of these civilizations was the Persian Empire. 

The Persian Empire was huge. It started in Turkey and  stretched all the way to the ancient Indus River Valley. The Greeks still had outposts [BASES] in Turkey. The Greeks sent supplies to help some of these city-states in their struggle to remain independent. The Persians did not appreciate that. 

The Persians sent warriors to the Greek peninsula to squash the Greeks. They attempted three times to conquer the Greeks at the famous battles of Thermopylae, Marathon, and Salamis. Each time, the Greeks drove them away. 

Xerxes, [ZERK-ZEES] the Persian King, could not believe that the tiny Greeks had defeated his capable warriors. Xerxes got mad. Conquering the Greeks was no longer his goal. He wanted them wiped out entirely. To do so, he sent a huge number of Persian ships to the Greek peninsula.

Persian War 1 – Persia at Thermopylae

https://youtu.be/Ftl6hjmqSnA

The Persian War • Plains to Marathon: 26.2 miles

from Athens• Spartans prepare again for the

battle against the Persians• Spartans defeated• Athenians seek revenge in

Salamis on Persians..WIN!

Persians Return at Marathon- War 2- Slaughter many Spartans

The King of Persia swore revenge on Athens. In 490BCE, Persian ships carried about 20,000 warriors to Marathon, a flat plain twenty-six miles from Athens. The Persians planned to use Marathon as a base from which to attack, but a spy alerted Athens. The Athenian army was outnumbered by about two to one, but they marched through the night to make a surprise attack on the Persian forces at dawn. The frightened Persians fled to their ships and retreated from Greece.

Persians Return at Marathon- War 2- Slaughter many Spartans

Xerxes was so sure he was going to win this third battle that he had his servants bring his chair along to the war. Xerxes and some of his friends sat in comfort at the top of a cliff overlooking the Greek harbor, so they could watch the Greeks die.  Instead, Xerxes watched his own men die. The Greeks had small ships. They moved quickly. They tossed burning wood aboard the huge,  cumbersome [weighty] Persian ships. The Persian ships quickly caught fire. The Persians had to abandon ship. Those Persians who made it to shore were met by the terrifying Spartan army. It was a slaughter. Xerxes escaped, but most of the Persians warriors were killed. 

Persian Return again-Athens prepared- Salamis

PERSIA

The Glory of Athens•After the Persian War,

Athens emerged as the leader of Greece

• Ideas of government and culture began to grow

•Spartans aren’t happy.

Lesson 3The Birth of Democracy

LEGACY = passing down of one’s culture and civilizations from generations to generations.

`How someone or a civilization will be remembered.

Lesson 3 Vocabulary•Monarchy•Tyranny•Oligarchy•Dem cracy

•Assembly•Pericles•Women’s rights

1. Building a Just Government

• MONARCHY – ruled by one, king or queen

• TYRANNY – ruled by force

• OLIGARCHY – ruled by the noble [rich] families

2.Democracy “Deemo Krat tee a”

• Democracy: power of the people, citizens make the laws

• Athens made the 1st democracy• Assembly: lawmaking body of

a democracy• Assembly= 18 members,

citizens 18+yrs, males-born from Athenian parents

• Assembly met at the Acropolis

DEMOCRACY THEN AND NOWIn Athens: Direct Democracy

In America:Representative Democracy

1. All citizens met as a group to debate and vote directly on every issue.

1. Citizens elect representatives to debate and vote on issues.

2. Citizens created laws, enforced laws, and acted as judges.

2. Citizens select some people to create laws, enforce laws, and others to be judges.

3. Only free males could vote. Women and slaves couldn’t. Voting= Raising your hands

3. Men and women who are citizens have the right to vote.

3.Age of Pericles

• Pericles: leader- 1 of 10 Generals-during the Peloponnesus War

• Passed laws to strengthen democracy –how did they vote? raised their hands for all to see

EX: males on juries ( poor or rich) paid if on jury, right to a trial

• Different from the Code of Hammurabi – (spoons)

Supreme CourtRiverhead, NY

Show jury duty papers

4. Not “Justice for All!”•Democracy was not for everyone

•Women had no vote•Slaves: no role in government

Langston Hughes

•“I swear to the Lord, I [still] can’t see why Democracy is everyone, but me!

• Who’s me, in regards to our Ancient Greece unit?

5. One Legacy of Athens: Democracy

•Athens left a lasting impression on the United States. How?

Lesson 4

More Legacies of Ancient Greece

https://youtu.be/hsU24D42PgQ

Think about WHAT LEGACY she has left us? 7 minutes

Lesson 4 vocabulary•Myth•Zeus•Homer•epics•Olympics

•theater•comedy•tragedy•Philosophy•Socrates•Plato

1.Religion• Athena = special

protector• Greeks were

polytheists• Set of myths:

stories about their gods & goddesses- to explain natural and human experiences

• Humans die, gods are eternal

• Gods control the universe

• EX: ZEUS: ruler of the gods, and the weather

• Gods were like family to the Greeks

• Gods are stronger than humans

2. Homer’s Epics

• Homer: poet, special purpose- last great poet to tell about the Trojan War

• Epics: Homer’s long poems• Epics: adventurous stories

which taught them what their gods were like and how the noblest of heroes behaved.

• Ex: The Iliad [Trojan War] & The Odyssey [Odysseus’ Journeys]

Created by Pierre De Coubertin in 1914.

• “The Olympic flag [...] has a white background, with five interlaced rings in the centre: blue, yellow, black, green and red [...]

• This design is symbolic ; it represents the five inhabited continents of the world, united, while the six colors are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time.”—Pierre De Coubertin (1931)

In 1916, 1940, and 1944 there weren’t any Olympics. Why?

DO NOW:

On the back of your packet-

1. Why 5 rings?

2. Why these colors?

3. Ancient Olympic Games

• Festival of ZEUS at Olympia-under the HOT August

• Won crown of olive leaves• Women could not compete –

until 1940-• Women owned horses. If

their horse won the race, they could win

• 1st modern Olympic =1896

Fought for the AFTERLIFE!!Fought for the AFTERLIFE!!• The Greeks did

not believe in the afterlife, like the Egyptians, but they fought for the afterlife: To always be remembered in statues and paintings.

View movie on the first Olympics•15 minutes•Act 1 and 2 Only•Stop at “timeline”•There are 5 Olympic rings.

Why?•The colors of the Olympic

rings are Blue, Black, Red, Yellow, Green. Why?

4.Theater

• Started from religious festivals• Took place in outdoor theaters• Dionysus - god of pleasure- gather to

honor him • Week long event at the Acropolis• All had to attend. Educational• Prisoners were released

w/supervision• Writers received prizes• Happy or sad themes• Poor were allowed in for free

5. Tragedy and Comedy• Tragedies: Aeschylus – plays where

life is taken seriously and has a sad ending. [WARS] Performed in the mornings.

• He won 13 festivals in a row!

• Comedies: Aristophanes: - funny plays with happy endings. Made fun of important people. Performed in the late afternoon, evenings.

Abbott and Costello’s Who’s on First- ~1945

https://youtu.be/WQXwt83hYkE

DO NOW: Find this slide in your packet and tell me what it means to you.

Circumstances and situations do color life, but you have been given the mind to choose what the color shall be.John Homer Miller [CE 1904 -1994 ]

6.Wisdom• Philosophy means “love of

wisdom”• Greeks searched for answers

for their role in the universe• http://www.newsday.com/long-island/

bethpage-high-school-team-wins-regional-ethics-bowl-1.10077443

6.Wisdom –cont’d• Socrates: famous Greek philosopher• Motto: Know Thyself• https://youtu.be/941OKdKmq9Q 3.5• Socrates: challenged/questioned Athenian values,

examined laws, asked why things were the way they were• He approached the young in Greece because they were

the most influential, not yet “corrupted” by adults• Socrates: Athenians became frightened and he was

arrested b/c people thought he was trying to start a revolt. He was dishonoring the gods and misleading the young people.

• Socrates: poisoned while in prison• https://youtu.be/Vhqrpb95A48- Groovy Greeks

SCRUPLES: to hesitate or be reluctant to do something that one thinks may be wrong.• You find an expensive pen in a public lounge.

Do you keep it?• You are waiting in your car at a red light at 4

a.m. There isn't a car in sight. Do you go through the light?

• In a parking lot, you accidentally dent someone's car. Do you leave a note taking responsibility?

• When cleaning up, you find your sister's diary. Do you read it?

• You find a wallet containing $300 in cash. There is an address. Do you keep the money but return the wallet?

6. Wisdom– cont’d• Plato: one of

Socrates’ students. • He wrote Socrates’

ideas down for all to read

• Plato taught Aristotle.• Aristotle taught

Alexander the Great.• Opened the first

Academy for learning about philosophy.

Great Thinkers and Visionaries

• Throughout history, there have been worries and disappointments. People often turned to philosophers to help them understand.– Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, The Buddha,

King Solomon• Read folktale – The Wise Master, The Lion

and Rabbit

Although Solomon was young, he soon became known for his wisdom. The first and most famous incident of his cleverness as a judge was when two women came to his court with a baby whom both women claimed as their own. Solomon threatened to split the baby in half. One woman was prepared to accept the decision, but the other begged the King to give the live baby to the other woman. Solomon then knew the second woman was the mother.

Lesson 5

Spread of Greek Ideas

Sparta + Persia against AthensThe Peloponnesian War

This was a war fought between Sparta and Athens. It lasted 27 years. Sparta and Athens were always in disagreement. They did not get along. But 27 years! It was a terrible war.When war broke out, everyone who lived in the countryside around Athens fled to the city to escape the Spartan attacks. The city was not ready for that many people to move in. They did not have enough food or water or shelter, or a way to handle that much waste and garbage. By the third year of fighting, more than half the population of Athens had died of illness. More died in battle. It was a horrible time. The war dragged on. Other city-states got involved. Finally, Athens surrendered.

Sparta was generous in victory. Corinth [another nearby city-state] wanted Athens leveled. They never wanted to put up with this bickering and warring again. But Sparta said no. The Spartans admired bravery and Athens had shown true bravery. Instead, for the next ten years, Athens was an outpost of Sparta, under Spartan rule. After ten years, Sparta gave Athens her independence.

Athens began to regain her former glory. But Athens was never again the shining star of the ancient Greek world. If Athens had had more time, perhaps, the city might have fully recovered. But time was running out for all the Greek city-states.

Macedonia, a country to the north/NW of Greece, had eyed Greece's splendor for some time. The king of Macedonia knew the Greek city-states were weakened by the Peloponnesian War, the war between Athens and Sparta. Macedonia would soon move to conquer all the Greek city-states.

1. Peloponnesian Wars• Sparta, Persia, and

other city-states unite against Athens.

• They were jealous of Athens’ riches

• After 27 years of glory, then war….Athens was destroyed.

• Sparta emerged as triumphant, but Alexander the Great was ready to take them down, and so he did.

2. Alexander the Great

• Son of Philip II, a great leader, had a son: Alexander

• Was taught by Aristotle-philosopher

• He loved the Greek culture and wanted to spread Greek ideas-every land he conquered, he allowed them to keep their cultural differences and status.

Alexander’s EmpireHe had a vast empire. He died young-at 33

3. Blend of East and West

• Built cities modeled after the Greek poli

• Over 70 cities named Alexandria in our world

• Blended cultures and customs

• Alexandria, Nile Delta: full of scholars, sailors, merchants, finest libraries and museums

4.Greek Legacies

• Democracy• Juries• Olympics• Myths• Philosophy• Epics• Theater• Architecture

Essay on Greek

Legacies

• The 8 Greek The 8 Greek • Legacies:Legacies:1.Democracy2.Juries3.Myths4.Epics5.Olympics6.Theater7.Philosophy8.Architecture

You are to write an essay explaining the RELEVANCE of any three Greek legacies to our lives today.

Be sure to include facts from our

•class notes •discussions

•videos Due at the end of class today

or before test tomorrow.