Chapter 6-2I. Conquest of the America’sA. First Encounters 1. Columbus made friends with the natives in the Caribbean a. Tainos: Natives in the west Indies that

Columbus made contact with b. The Natives were generous and giving c. Simple farming natives 2. Conquistadors: Spanish Conquers a. Spanish Conquistadors followed Columbus

and settled in the islands of Hispaniola b. Conquistadors abandoned the friendly relationship with the native population

- enslaved the natives- forced natives to convert to Christianity

c. Conquistadors wiped out the Native population by bringing diseases to the Indians

- the Indians were immune to European diseases

B. Hernan Cortes: Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs

1. Landed in Mexico in 1519 a. Had 600 men, 16 horses, a few cannons b. Malinche: Indian women who served as Cortes interpreter

c. Cortes headed toward Tenochtitlan: The Aztec capital which later became Mexico City -Aztec: Great Indian empire from Mexico d. Cortes also allied with other Native groups that hated the Aztecs

C. Montezuma: Aztec emperor who was defeated by Cortes1. Messengers informed Montezuma of Cortés's

approach on Tenochtitlan2. Montezuma hesitated to attack a. Thought Cortes could be Quetzalcoatl: the Aztec God King who long ago vowed to return from the East b. Sent gifts of Gold and silver to Cortes asking him not to come to Tenochtitlan c. Cortes refused

3. Fall of Tenochtitlan a. Montezuma welcomed Cortes into Tenochtitlan - Relations between Aztecs and Spanish went bad - Aztecs drove Spanish out but Montezuma killed - Cortes regrouped and attacked capturing Tenochtitlan b. The Spanish later rebuilt Tenochtitlan renaming it Mexico City

D. Francisco Pizzaro: Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Inca’s in Peru

1. Inca: great indian empire in present day Peru2. Pizzaro captured Atahualpa: the Incan ruler in Peru a. demanded a huge ransom for his return b. Got the ransom, but killed Atahualpa anyway3. Spain continued to invade and take Incan lands

E. Reasons why Europeans were able to conquer huge Aztec and Incan empires 1. Superior military technology (horses, cannons,

armor) 2. Division between the Indians 3. European diseases 4. Inidan felt like the Gods had deserted them.

II. Remaking the America’sA. Ruling the Spanish empire 1. Spain divided the huge Spanish American

empire stretching from California to South America into five provinces

a. New Spain: Most important Spanish province situated in Mexicob. Council of the Indies: Group appointed by the King of Spain to pass laws for Spanish provinces in America -Viceroys: Representatives who ruled each Spanish province in the name of the King -Audiencias: Lesser Spanish officials who helped the Viceroys rule -Colonials officials were closely monitored by the Council of the Indies

2. The Catholic Church in Spanish America a. Winning souls for Christianity as important for Spain as was

conquering new lands -Church leaders also served as Government officials

-Roman Catholic Church authority spread with Spanish Rule

3. Economy of New Spain a. Trade restrictions in Spanish Colonies

-Colonists could export raw materials only to Spain -Colonists could only buy Spanish manufactured goods -Colonists could not trade among themselves

b. Agriculture -Sugar cane introduced in the West Indies and was used to make sugar -Cane had to be grown on Plantations: large estates. -took many people to work the plantations

c. Encomiendas: The right of Spanish colonists to demand labor or tribute from the Native

population - Natives were enslaved and forced to work on plantations - Devastated the Native population - Bartolome de las Casas: Catholic priest who spoke out against the treatment of the natives - New Laws of the Indies: 1542, ended the enslavement of the Native Americans in Spanish Americad. New Laws of the Indies did not work (2 reasons) - Spain too far away to enforce laws - Natives became Peons: workers forced to labor for a landlord to pay off a debte. To help with the labor shortage, the West Indies began to import workers from Africa

B. Social Classes in New Spain 1. Peninsulars: People born in Spain

a. Highest social class b. Highest positions in Church and government2. Creoles: American born decedents of Spanish settlers a. Most owned plantations and mines3. Mestizos: People of mixed native American and European decent a. Largest social class b. included Priests, laborers4. Mulattoes: People of African and European decent5. Native American or Africans a. lowest social class

C. Colonial Cultures1. Spanish preferred to live in Cities2. Education a. University of Mexico established in 1551 b. Some women entered Convents: or

Catholic women’s home for education3. Cultural blending or people of different backgrounds sharing a. Spanish settlers built homes like the natives b. African farming methods and cooking styles became popular c. Spanish settlers introduced domesticated animals like the horse

D. Portuguese claimed Brazil1. economy was plantation farming and cattle raising

E. Challenging Spanish power1. At this time, Spain controlled all trade with the American colonies2. Other European nations like England, France and the Dutch wanted some of the action a. smugglers began doing business with the

Spanish colonies b. Pirates began to raid Spanish ships

III. Struggle for North AmericaA. Building New France 1. New France: Present day Newfoundland,

Canada 2. Samuel de Champlain: Built the first French

settlement in Quebec 3. Slow growth in New France

a. Harsh climateb. Tough wilderness

4. Abandoned farming for fur trading, trapping, and fishing

B. 13 English colonies 1. First permanent colony at Jamestown VA in1607 a. Many settlers died from starvation and disease

b. Native Americans helped the colonists 2. Jamestown began to grow tobacco

a. Learned from the Indians 3. Motives that brought English settlers to America.

a. Religious Freedom b. Chance to make money

4. Growth of 13 English colonies a. 3 groups of English colonies emerged -New England colonies, Middle Colonies, Southern colonies

b. Many African slaves brought to work the lands 5. Government

a. Royal governors ruled each colony b. Each colony had self government or assemblies of

men who owned property that advised the Royal Governor in handling local issues

C. Struggle for Global Power 1. By 1600, Spain, France, England, and the

Netherlands all had colonies in America 2. British-French Rivalry

a. Seven Years War erupted in Europe between Britain and France b. In North America, The French and Indian War ignited between the French and English -France had more territory, but England had more settlers in America -British was able to win control of Canada -Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War in America - The British got Canada and all lands east of the Mississippi River

IV Atlantic Slave TradeA. Early encounters between Europeans and Africans 1. Europeans used force to seize coastal towns 2. Established strong forts 3. Traded with Africans for goods 4. Soon viewed slaves as most valuable African goodB. European Slave traders in Africa 1. Atlantic Slave trade began in the 1500’s to fill

the need for labor in Spain’s American empire 2. African Traders captured and brought captives to European forts on the African Coast 3. Middle Passage: The voyage of slave ships from

Africa to America. About half of the slaves diedC. Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1. African population dropped dramatically 2. Some societies in Africa destroyed 3. African States that participated in Slave trade grew powerful

V. Changes in EuropeA. Columbus Exchange: The exchange of people animals. Plants, technology, and disease

between Europe and AmericasB. Commercial Revolution 1. 2 reasons economic changes occurred in

Europea. The conquest of American empiresb. increased trade with Asia

C. Types of Economic changes in Europe 1. Price Revolution: The rise of prices in Europe

during the global age a. Inflation: rise in prices due to an increase in the amount of money available b. Reasons why price revolution occurred -Increase in European population -increase in flow of gold and silver2. Capitalism: the investment of money to make a profit a. Entrepreneurs: enterprising merchants who provided money that financed trade3. Joint Stock Companies: Private trading companies in which shares are sold to investors to finance business ventures4. Mercantilism: Policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imports in order to build up it’s supply of gold and silver

a. Nations real wealth measured in their gold and silver supply b. Colonies existed to benefit the mother country