chapter 6 1965 - 1975 the chip & its impact first microprocessor chip 1
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 6 1965 - 1975
The Chip & Its Impact
First Microprocessor Chip
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Grosch’s LawA big system that costs twice as much as a small system actually gets you 4 times computing power
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Why Grosch’s Law?
Memory & Circuitry costs cost / bit higher for small computers
Connecting of small computers not efficient
Held thru 1960’s
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The Chip- 1959 Drove minicomputer IC replaced discrete
transistors, resistors, core memory
Next step in “modules” Printed Circuits Cheap materials & Mass
Produced4
Integrated Circuit - 1959 Jack Kilby, Texas Instruments
Nobel Prize, Physics, 2000
Robert Noyce, Fairchild Electronics, CA Solved “Tyranny of Numbers” problem Driving forces
Military - smaller, reliable missiles & rockets (many failures)
Civilian - cheaper, less errors, hand work
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Molecular Electronics - USAF Goal: New device of substances whose
individual molecules did the switching 1959 – Westinghouse – grants of $2 mil &
$2.6 mil For rockets, ballistic missiles 2 years later, quietly dropped USAF - “clean” rooms, early 1960’s, for
minuteman missiles, detailed records Demanded high reliability (Hi-Rel) from all
suppliers
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Jack Kilby
1957- Centrallab Printed circuit boards Germanium to silicon Did not have resources for development
1958 – TX Instruments, Dallas Microminiaturization Make all components of silicon or germanium More expensive than carbon, ceramics All components same material as transistor - silicon
Would allow one set-up not many
Nobel Prize 2000
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Jack Kilby
Built circuit of silicon, then germanium Work as oscillator Built by hand Resistors, capacitor
Applied for patents - 1959 Awarded 1964 Drawings Pg. 184 -185 “Solid Circuit”
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First IC
Robert Noyce Fairchild Semiconductor, CA Heard of Kilby’s design Designed same idea on silicon Photo-etching process (Jean Hoerni)
Flat transistor, “planar process” Silicon best insulator
Layers isolate devices Applied patent - 1959
Shared credit, Noyce’s process most significant
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I.C. Progress Neither “inventor” had connection to USAF Military & Aerospace industry provided market
“advanced” Minuteman II missile 2K IC’s + 4K DC’s vs. 15K discrete circuits Flew 1964 Established acceptability of IC & volume
production lines TI, Westinghouse, RCA - 4,000 / week Noyce “military stifles research”
Military use: 1963 – 100% IC, 1964 – 95% IC
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Apollo (NASA)
Fairchild provided IC’s Apollo computer
5,000 simple chips Single-type 75 guidance computers built
During project: chip price dropped from $1,000 to $20 - $30
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Chip into Commercial Computers IBM 360 – solid state ceramic
circuitry SDS and RCA announced silicon
IC computers IBM 370 – silicon IC’s Quickly used in Minicomputers
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2nd Generation Mini’s DEC dominant, not like IBM 1968-1972 - 100 companies offered minis
Did not need excessive capitol - see Pg. 192 Increase in performance; decrease in cost Driving forces
Standardized, Inexpensive chips TTL- transistor- transistor logic
Today’s “caterpillar” packaging Printed Circuit Board (standardized)
Pioneered by Globe-Union “stuff” chips in board; molten solder on back
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Minicomputer Developments DMA (early) - DEC 16 bit word length; 8- bit byte ASCII (not IBM’s EBCDIC)
CCC-DDP116 - 1st 16- bit mini Redesigned after IBM 360 announced 1966- Honeywell bought; withered
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ARPA
Defense Dept. – Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
Funded projects 1967 - meeting on how to link computers
in a network across the U.S. To share resources among funded
agencies
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ARPANET Problem! All different computers Honeywell DPD- 516 @ each node as the
interface between mainframe and N.W. IMP- Interface message processor
Dec. 1969 - 4 nodes West of Rockies 1970 - 10 nodes, spanned the U.S. 1971 - 15 nodes with 23 host computers Oct. 1972 - Demo’d in D.C.
30 nodes Dismantled in 1988 No longer need IMP
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Data General Edson DeCastro @ DEC
Design for 16 bit mini, rejected by DEC Formed D.G. – to build 16-bit mini
1968 – DG Nova Ken Olsen - DEC- claimed Nova was “copied”
PDP-X designed at DEC Used all newer innovations MSI - Medium Scale Integration 1971- Super Nova
IC for memory (RAM) - no core 1970 - in Illiac-IV, U of Ill., non-von Neumann (computer was failure)
Established viability of semiconductor memory (RAM)
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In the Meantime…
1968 - Robert Noyce & Gordon Moore left Fairchild; also Andrew Grove
Company to focus on memory Intel => “integrated electronics” 1970 - announced the 1103 chip
1024- bit dynamic RAM This + Nova end of magnetic core
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PDP-11
1969 - DEC not maintaining market (12-bit word, limited instructions)
PDP-8 was likely being
replaced by competitors DEC decided to try 16 bit, again
Engineers and Carnegie - Mellon Abandoned a years worth of work Adopted an alternate design - McFarland
Deliveries began early 1970
PDP-11 44
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PDP 11 (cont.) New Innovation - BUS
“set of wires to serve all major sections of computers in common and standard way”
UNIBUS - 56 lines Earlier BUS (BUSS)
Whirlwind, Mark I, NOVA, PDP-8
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PDP 11- Success
From 5,800 employees in 1970 to 36,000 in 1977
Sold 170,000 in 1970’s 1970’s Recession in computing
DEC & Data General survived
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Direct Access Computing 1950’s- IBM RAMAC
But still used tape for 10 years Time sharing was developing
370; GE/ Honeywell; Dartmouth 1960’s - 70’s
Cost dropped twenty fold Capacity increased 40X
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Magnetic Disks
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Direct Access Computing (cont.) 1980 - fixed disk packs
IBM - Winchester- 2 x 30 mbytes DASD
CICS - IBM (Generic) Allowed direct query from database
Transformed retail sales by phone Customers wrote own applications
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Computer Science Education Batch prevailed for many years “load-and-go” compilers; MAD @ Michigan Waterloo U., Canada - Dept.-1962
WATFOR (version of FORTRAN for 360) 6,000 student jobs per hour Reduced cost- $10 to 10 cents per job For IBM 360/75
WATBOL
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Dartmouth University
John Kemeney - Math professor - 1963 Wanted system to teach interactive
programming to all students With Thomas Kurtz - developed BASIC &
system to use it on GE 235 Slowly went to some other Universities
Schools began charging fees for time Still used punch cards into 1980’s
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RSTS-II on PDP-11(Resource Sharing
Time Sharing) Time sharing; no memory protection RSTS implemented in BASIC Modified BASIC
PEEK & POKE (Individual Bits) Took less memory Ready for PC’s
“The mini generated the seeds of its own destruction by preparing the way for personal computers” (Ceruzzi)
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Chapter 6 1965 - 1975
The Chip & Its Impact
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