chapter 53 reading quiz 1.a bunch of populations living close together and possibly interacting is...
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Chapter 53 Reading Quiz
1. A bunch of populations living close together and possibly interacting is called a ____.
2. Which type of interspecific interaction is beneficial to both species?
3. “Cryptic coloration” is also known as…4. The links in a food chain are also
called ____ levels. 5. The sum weight of all individuals in a
population is known as the …
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1. Explain the relationship between species richness, relative abundance, and
diversity.
• Species diversity the number and relative abundance of species in a biological community
• Species richness the number of species in a community
• Relative abundance a measure of the proportion of a species in the community as a whole
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2. Distinguish between the “individualistic hypothesis” and the “interactive
hypothesis”.
• The individualistic hypothesis depicted a community as a chance assemblage of species found in an area because they have similar abiotic requirements
• The interactive hypothesis saw each community as an assemblage of closely linked species having mandatory biotic interactions that cause the community to function as an integrated unit
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3. Explain how interspecific competition may affect community structure.
• Interspecific interactions are those that occur between populations of different species living together within a community
• Competition will result in one species being dominant over the other
• “Niches” come into play, and only one species may occupy a niche; the other must adapt to a different niche or not survive
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4. What is coevolution?
• Coevolution a change in one species that acts as a selective force on another species- counteradaptation of the second species, in turn, affects selection of individuals in the first species
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5. Describe the variations of predation and parasitism.
• Can have positive, negative, or neutral effects on the species involved
• Predation and parasitism are both (+/-) interactions
• Predation• Parasitism• Parasitoidism• Herbivory
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6. What are some defenses that animals and plants have against being eaten?
• Plants:- thorns, spines, hooks- chemicals, hormone analogues
• Animals:- passive, active, mechanical, or chemical- cryptic coloration, shape- aposematic coloration (bright warning)- mimicry
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7. Describe the competitive exclusion principle, what niches are, and the evidence that competition exists in
nature. • The competitive exclusion principle predicts that
two different species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same community- one will use resources more efficiently, thus reproducing more rapidly and eliminating the inferior competitor
• An ecological niche is the sum total of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic resources in it’s environment- how it “fits into” an ecosystem
• The weaker organism will become extinct OR• One of the species will evolve to the point of using a
different set of resources
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8. Distinguish between commensalism and mutualism.
• Commensalism is a (+/0) interaction in which the symbiont benefits and the host is unaffectedex: cowbirds & cattle; sharks & remoras
• Mutualism is a (+/+) interaction requiring the evolution of adaptations in both speciesex: flowers & insects; lichen
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9. How do predators, mutualism, and parasitism alter community structure?
• Predators can alter community structure by moderating competition among prey species (Ex: zebras & lions)
• Mutualism can have community-wide effects (Ex: mycorrhizae fungi)
• Parasitic diseases that reduce populations of one species also impact other species
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10. Explain how disturbance is one of the most prominent features of most
communities.
• Disturbances are events that disrupt communities- they change resource availability and create opportunities for new species- the impact depends on the size, frequency, and severity of the disturbance- can be caused by natural disasters, overgrazing by animals, alteration on natural ecosystems
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11. Why do we consider humans to be the most widespread agents of disturbance?
• Logging and clearing for farmland has reduced and disconnected forests
• Agricultural development disrupts grasslands
• Centuries of overgrazing by animals has contributed to the famine in parts of Africa
• Human disturbances usually reduce biodiversity
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12. Describe the stages of succession.
• Primary succession when life begins in areas essentially barren due to lack of formed soil- volcanoes, retreated glaciers
• Secondary succession if an existing community has already been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact
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13. What accounts for the geographical ranges of species?
• Biogeography the study of the past and present distribution of individual species and entire communities
• Limitation of a species to a particular range may be due to:- failure of the species to disperse beyond its current range- failure of pioneer individuals that spread beyond the observed range- the species having retracted from a once larger range to its current boundaries
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14. Describe island biogeography.
• Islands provide opportunities to study factors affecting species diversity of communities due to their isolation and limited size
• # of species determined by immigration and emigration, which are determined by island size and distance from mainland
• Smaller islands have higher extinction rates• The farther away an island is from mainland,
the less species, relative to island size
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