chapter 5: theories of psychological development
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Chapter 5: Theories of Psychological Development. Part TWO: Theories of Emotional Development Ms V Parsons VCE Unit 1 Psychology 2012. Why so many theories?. Emotional Bowlby , Ainsworth & Harlow. Perceptual Gibson. Psychological Development. Cognitive Piaget. Psychosocial Erikson. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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PART TWO: THEORIES OF EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
MS V PARSONSVCE UNIT 1 PSYCHOLOGY 2012
Chapter 5: Theories of Psychological Development
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Why so many theories?
This year we will cover the
following areas of development:
Perceptual – Gibson
Emotional – Bowlby,
Ainsworth, Harlow
Cognitive - Piaget
Moral -Kohlberg
Psychosocial – Erikson
Psychological
Development
PerceptualGibson
EmotionalBowlby,
Ainsworth & Harlow
CognitivePiaget
MoralKohlberg
Psychosocial
Erikson
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Emotional Development: Romanian Orphans
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtQ4sPgNoEY
How important is the psychological bond ..or ATTACHMENT..between infants and their caregivers in emotional development ?
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Definition of Attachment
An enduring emotional tie
to a special person,
characterized by a
tendency to seek and
maintain closeness,
especially during times of
stress.
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Roots of Attachment Theory• John Bowlby applied
ethology (the study of
behaviour) to infants
• Infant’s innate behaviors are
evolved responses which
promote survivalJohn Bowlby,
British psychiatrist (1907-1990)
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Importance of Attachment
• Implications for infant's
sense of security
• Affects internal working
model
• Freud, Erikson, Behaviorists
described its impact on
development
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Bowlby’s 4 Key Characteristics of Attachment
Proximity Maintenance-
desire to be near the caregiver.
Safe Haven-
the ability to be able to return to the
caregiver when scared.
Secure Base-
from which infant can explore
surrounding environment.
Separation distress-
anxiety when caregiver leaves
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Bowlby’s Four Stages of Attachment
Pre attachment phase • Birth - 6 weeks
• Baby’s innate signals attract
caregiver
• Caregivers remain close by
when the baby responds
positively
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Attachment in the Making
• 6 wks to 6-8 months
• Develops a sense of trust that
caregiver will respond when
signaled
• Infants respond more
positively to familiar caregiver
• Babies don't protest when
separated from parent
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Clear-cut Attachment
• 6-8 months to 18-24 months
• Babies display separation
anxiety
• Babies protest when parent
leaves
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Formation of Reciprocal Relationship
• 18 mo - 2yrs
• Toddlers increase their
understanding of symbols
and language improves
• Toddlers understand that
parents will return
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Factors which Affect Attachment
• Opportunity for attachment
• Quality of caregiving
• respond promptly and consistently
• interactional synchrony – the
sensitively tuned “emotional
dance”
• Infant characteristics
• infant's temperament, special
needs, prematurity, or illnesses
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More Factors which Affect Attachment
• Family circumstances
• Stress can undermine
attachment
• Parents’ internal working models
• Parents’ own attachment
experiences
• Parents’ ability to accept their
past
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Measuring the Quality of Attachment
• Mary Ainsworth researched
• Designed the “strange situation”
• A lab experiment with 8
different episodes of separation
and reunion
• Attached infant will:
• Use mother as a secure base
• Be soothed by the mother
during the reunion
Mary Ainsworth, American
Psycholgist (1913-199)
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Secure attachment
• Uses caregiver as a secure
base
• May show distress at
separation, but the baby can
be soothed at reunion
• 60-65% of Australian children
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU
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Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
• Unresponsive to parent
when she is present
• Not distressed by parting
• Avoids or slow to greet
parent on return
• 20% of Australian
children
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Insecure-Resistant Attachment
• Infants remain close to
parents and not eager to
explore
• Distressed by separation
• During reunion, infants are
both clingy and resistant
• 12% of Australian children
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Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
• No coherent strategy
for handling
separations or reunions
• Baby looks dazed and
confused
• 5-10% of Australian
children
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How do the Different Perspectives view Attachment
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Harlow’s Attachment Experiment
http://www.psychexchange.co.uk/videos/view/20978/
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Harlow’s Experiments in Monkeys
Nonhuman primates can offer
tremendous insights into human
development.
Of all animals, apes and monkey are
the most closely related to humans
behaviorally, anatomically, and
physiologically.
Rhesus monkeys share over 90% of
their genes with those of humans.Harry Harlow,
American Psychologist (1905-1981)
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Harlow discovered that baby monkeys deprived of their mothers (left) would transfer their affections to a cloth surrogate. When they needed to eat, they would scamper over to a milk-bearing wire mother, but then quickly return to cuddle with the softer surrogate.
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Harry Harlow 1905-1981
RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT
All the rhesus monkeys
raised in isolation were Fearful
Easily frightened
Did not mate
Those artificially inseminated
became abusive mothers
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Harry Harlow 1905-1981
Harlow used this bear
for the fear test. When
Harlow put this in the
cage with the isolated
monkeys, they were
afraid.
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Harry Harlow 1905-1981
The typical response in
the fear test was to
cling to the cloth
mother. (not the wire
mother with the food)
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Implications For The Human Socialization Process
Parental contact is absolutely
critical to infants’ psychosocial
well-being. Critical = absolutely
necessary….won’t happen without
it. Following WW II, psychologists
coined the term “anaclitic depression” to describe the clinical response of human infants to prolonged maternal separation.