chapter 5: learning and behavior presented by: heather hays
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Chapter 5:Learning and Behavior
Presented by:
Heather Hays
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Learning & Behavior
Learning: adaptive process in which the tendency to perform a certain behavior is changed through experience
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Learning & Behavior
3 kinds of learning
1) Habituation
2) Classical Conditioning
3) Operant Conditioning
All involve cause & effect relations between behavior and environment.
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Habituation
Learning not to respond to an unimportant event that occurs repeatedly
Simplest form of learning
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Forms of Habituation
Short-termLong-term
Habituation permits us to remain relatively free from distraction by petty events, so we are able to concentrate on more important events
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Classical Conditioning
A response normally elicited by one stimulus (the UCS) comes to be controlled by another stimulus (the CS) as well
Sequence and timing important
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Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive response
ex: food Unconditioned Response (UR): the
response given to the UCS ex: salivating
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Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): stimulus which because of its repeated association with the UCS also eventually will elicit a conditioned response (CR)
ex: bellConditioned Response (CR): the response
given once the CS is given ex: salivation
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Classical Conditioning
Accomplishes 2 functions:
1) Ability to learn to recognize stimuli that predict the occurrence of an important event allows the learner to make the appropriate response faster & more effectively
2) stimuli which were previously unimportant acquire some of the qualities of the important stimuli with which they become associated with, thus become able to modify behavior
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Classical Conditioning
Basic Principles: (5)1) Acquisition: time during which a CR first
appears and increases in frequency2) Extinction: elimination of a response that
occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without being followed by the UCS
3) Spontaneous recovery: after an interval of time, the reappearance of a response that had previously been extinguished
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Classical Conditioning
4) Generalization: CRs elicited by stimuli that resemble the CS used in training
5) Discrimination: appearance of a CR when one stimulus is presented but not another
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Summary of Classical Conditioning
For classical conditioning to occur, the CS must not only occur immediately before the UCS, but it must also reliably predict the occurrence of the UCS
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Operant Conditioning
Behavior is affected by its consequences whether the consequence is good or bad
Good consequences: actions get repeated
Bad consequences: actions do not get repeated
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Operant Conditioning
Thorndike:
Law of Effect: idea that the consequences of a behavior determine whether that behavior is likely to be repeated
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Operant Conditioning
Skinner:
Three-Term Contingency: relation among discriminative stimulus, behavior, & the consequences of that behavior
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Operant Conditioning
Three-Term Contingency1) Discriminative stimulus: stimulus that sets the
occasion for responding because in the past a behavior ahs produced certain consequences in the presence of that stimulus
2) Operant behavior: response we make to the stimulus
3) Following event is the consequence of the operant behavior
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Operant Conditioning
2 types of reinforcement: 1) Positive: increase in frequency of a
response that is regularly and reliably followed by an appetitive stimulus
2) Negative: increase in frequency of a response that is regularly and reliably followed by the termination of an aversive stimulus
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Operant Conditioning
Both positive and negative reinforcement INCREASE the likelihood that a given response will occur again!
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Operant Conditioning
Punishment: a decrease in the frequency of a response followed by an aversive stimulus
Punishment does NOT equal negative reinforcement!
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Operant Conditioning
Extinction: a decrease in frequency of a previously reinforced response because it is no longer followed by a reinforcer
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Operant Procedures & Phenomena
ShapingIntermittent reinforcement
4 kinds of schedules:
1) fixed-ratio
2) variable-ratio
3) fixed-interval
4) variable-interval
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Operant Procedures & Phenomena
GeneralizationDiscrimination
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Major Difference Between Classical & Operant
The Nature of their Contingencies!
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Conditioning of Complex Behaviors
Aversive Control of Behavior
How it works:
A stimulus is present when the punishment occurs & then through the process of classical conditioning the stimulus becomes linked to the response
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Types of Aversive Control
Escape Response: Negative reinforcement teaches organisms to make responses that terminate aversive stimuli thus making the stimulus cease
Conditioned Flavor-Aversion learning: a substance is avoided because its flavor has been associated with illness
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Observation & Imitation
How it Works: organisms learn by watching and listening to other organisms in their environment and then they mimic what they see and hear and then their behavior is reinforced
Classically conditioned and operantly conditioned behaviors can be learned through observation and imitation
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Learning & Behavior
THE END