chapter 5: how to choose the right optical fiber cable parameters general outline of the parameter...

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Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design.

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Page 1: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable

Parameters

General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design.

Page 2: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

First parameter: the optical fiber

The four most common types of fiber in fiberoptic networks today (no specific order).

Page 3: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Primary coating

Application of acrylate as the primary coating.

Page 4: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Acrylate as the primary coating

Primary coated fiber.

Page 5: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

The fiber characteristics after primary coating application

The most common geometrical parameters for standard single-mode fiber 8–10/125 μm.

Page 6: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Maximum permissible stresses on a primary coated fiber.

Page 7: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Color-coding for optical fibers

Color-coding scheme used by Telia AB, Sweden.

Page 8: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Second parameter: the buffers

Loose tube buffer (loose fibers/ribbons in tube)

A number of primary coated fibers or ribbons can lie loosely in a tube, which functions as a loose tube buffer.

Page 9: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Temperature variations

The fibers can move freely within the loose tube buffer to compensate for temperature variations.

Page 10: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Areas of application for tight buffered fibers

Fiber with tight buffer.

Tight buffered fibers

Page 11: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Fiber ribbon technique: Encapsulating

The three most common methods of manufacturing fiber ribbon.

Page 12: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Encapsulated ribbon fiber

Manufacture

Encapsulated fiber ribbon. The illustration shows a fiber ribbon with one layer of acrylate applied over primary coated fibers.

Page 13: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Tests

Macrobend test

Setup for macrobend test.

Page 14: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Torsion test

Setup for torsion test.

Page 15: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Crush test

Setup for crush test.

Page 16: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Process testing

Strippability - random testing

Example of good strippability (upper) and bad strippability (lower).

Page 17: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Separability - random testing

Each individual fiber must be able to separate without damage to the individual primary coatings.

Page 18: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Fiber curl

Fiber curl.

Page 19: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Attenuation

Graphs showing OTDR attenuation plot at both 1310 nm and 1550 nm.

Page 20: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Geometry

Geometry of a four fiber ribbon.

Page 21: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Parameters regarding the geometry of the fiber ribbon.

Page 22: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Third parameter: the strength member

Aramide yarn

Different types of strength member.

Page 23: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Fourth parameter: the cable core

Cables with circular core

Optical fiber cable, concentric construction, with loose tubes around the central strength member.

Cable illustrated is the GRHLDV.

Optical fiber cable; concentric construction with tight buffered fibers around the central strength member. Cable illustrated is the GNHLBDUV.

Page 24: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Cable with slotted core

Slotted core profiles. From left to right S, Z and SZ stranding.

Page 25: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Three different types of slot profile.

Page 26: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Pitch of a slotted core cable

Fibercreep due to temperature changes.

Page 27: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Expansion and contraction of cables

The fiber can move freely.

Page 28: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Expansion and contraction caused by temperature variations

Young's modulus, density and coefficient of linear thermal expansion of various materials used in optical fiber cables.

Page 29: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Four examples of optical fiber cables with slotted core. Cables illustrated are from the left: GRSLDV, outdoor cable with loose tube buffer.

GNSLBDV, indoor/outdoor cable with tight buffered fibersGASLDV, outdoor cable with four fiber ribbon

GASLDV, outdoor cable with eight fiber ribbon.

Page 30: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Optical fiber cable without a core

The simplest optical fiber cable design is suitable for connecting cables and in data

networks. The cable illustrated is GNLBDU.

With a multiple of subcables and an extra sheath, this cable becomes a neat package of 24 GNLBD cables measuring only 15 mm in

diameter. The cable illustrated is GNHLLBDU.

Page 31: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Fifth parameter: the water protection

Metallic tube: Copper encapsulation

Copper plate formed to a tube and electrically welded to a water-proof encapsulation.

Page 32: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Sixth parameter: sheathing

The sheath has primarily the following functions:

• Provides mechanical protection

• Provides thermal insulation

• Protects against chemicals

• Provides moisture protection

• Protects from rodents.

The plastic materials normally used for the sheath are:

• Standard polyethylene (PE)

• Flame retardant halogen-free materials

• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

• Polyamide (PA)

• Fluoroplastics

• Polyurethane (PU)

• Copper tube (Cu)

Applying the final sheath:

Page 33: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Seventh parameter: extra reinforcement

Corrugated steel tape

Corrugated steel tape-reinforced cable for laying underground, or in ducts. The cables illustrated are GRSLWLV and GASLWLV.

Page 34: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Steel wire, steel tape

Steel-reinforced cable for laying underground, e.g., by direct ploughing. The cable illustrated is GRSLTLV.

Page 35: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

HET - heat expandable tape

By using dielectric reinforcement, a completely metal-free cable can be manufactured for direct ploughing or laying underground. This cable is ideal for installations located in the

vicinity of high voltage lines. The cable illustrated is GASLLDV, 192 fibers.

Page 36: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Aramide yarn

Aramide yarn is used as longitudinal reinforcement in aerial cable for spans up to

250 m. The cable illustrated is GRLSDV.

Aerial cable with a large amount of of aramide yarn as strength member. This type of cable is self suporting for spans up to 1 000 m. Cable

illustrated is the SkyspanTM (Focas Inc.).

Page 37: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Suspension strands

With a steel suspension strand, optical fiber cable can be suspended in spans of 50 - 70 m. The cable illustrated is GASLCV.

Page 38: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Optical ground wire, OPGW

Optical power ground wire to replace the traditional ground wire on topof power lines. Cable illustrated is thr SkyliteTM (Focas Inc.).

Page 39: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Hybrid cables

Two examples of hybride cable designed to be installed alongside the railway tracks.

Page 40: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

A collection of newer types of cables

Cable to be wrapped around ground wire or phase line

”Skywrap“.

Indoor cable with fiber ribbon, suited for FTTH etc.

Outdoor cable with loose tube suited for FTTH etc.

Page 41: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Ribbon cable with 432 fibers.

Page 42: Chapter 5: How to choose the right optical fiber cable Parameters General outline of the parameter involved in choosing the rigth optical fiber cable design

Ribbon cable with 864 fibers.