chapter 5 configuring catalyst switch operations

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Chapter 5 Configuring Catalyst Switch Operations Basic Layer 2 Switching and Bridging Functions Redundant Topology Overview Spanning-Tree Protocol Overview Configuring a Catalyst Switch

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Chapter 5 Configuring Catalyst Switch Operations. Basic Layer 2 Switching and Bridging Functions Redundant Topology Overview Spanning-Tree Protocol Overview Configuring a Catalyst Switch. Basic Layer 2 Switching and Bridging Functions. Layer 2 switching ๊ณผ bridging ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Chapter 5 Configuring Catalyst Switch Operations

Chapter 5Configuring Catalyst Switch

Operations

Basic Layer 2 Switching and Bridging Functions Redundant Topology Overview Spanning-Tree Protocol Overview Configuring a Catalyst Switch

Page 2: Chapter 5 Configuring Catalyst Switch Operations

5_2

Basic Layer 2 Switching and Bridging Functions

Layer 2 switching ๊ณผ bridging ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค . LAN switch ์™€ MAC address table ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๋‹ค .

Page 3: Chapter 5 Configuring Catalyst Switch Operations

5_3

Ethernet Switches and Bridges

2 ๊ณ„์ธต ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ฃผ์†Œํ•™์Šต : ๊ฐ ํฌํŠธ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ์žฅ๋น„์˜ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  MAC ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ์ €์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค . ํŒจํ‚ท ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉ / ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง : ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๋ฉด MAC ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋–ค ํฌํŠธ๋กœ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค . ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ํฌํŠธ๋กœ๋งŒ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค . ๋ฃจํ”„๋ฐฉ์ง€ : ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ด์ค‘ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฃจํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค .

* Functions of Ethernet Switches and Bridges

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5_4

Transmitting Frames

Frame

CUT-Through

Fram

e

Frame Frame

Store and Forward

Frame

Fragment-Free

Store and Forward : ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์ด ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค . ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ์ฃผ์†Œ์™€ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ง€ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ  CRC ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œํ›„ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉํ•œ๋‹ค . ์†์ƒ๋œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์€ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„๋‹ค . ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค . CUT through : ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉํ•œ๋‹ค . ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์—„์ฒญ ์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค . ๋‹จ์ ์€ CRC ๊ฐ’์— ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์ด๋‚˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ๋œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉํ•œ๋‹ค . Fragment-free : ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ 64bytes ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์–ด ๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ CRC ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉํ•œ๋‹ค . ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์˜ ์†์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ 64bytes ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค .

* Frame Transmission Modes

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5_5

MAC Address Table

MAC address table

0260.8c01.1111

0260.8c01.2222

0260.8c01.3333

0260.8c01.4444

E0 E1

E2 E3

A B

C D

์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”๋  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์ด ๋น„์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค . ๋นˆ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๋˜๋Š” ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค . ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํฌํŠธ๋กœ ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ โ€œํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋”ฉ ํ•œ๋‹ค .โ€ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค . ํŒจํ‚ท ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋”ฉ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค . โ€“ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ ๋‚ญ๋น„ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ํฌํŠธ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฒ„ํผ๋ง ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค . - Catalyst 1900 : MAC Table 1024 entries - Catalyst 2950 : MAC Table 8192 entries

์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”๋  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์ด ๋น„์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค . ๋นˆ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๋˜๋Š” ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค . ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํฌํŠธ๋กœ ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ โ€œํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋”ฉ ํ•œ๋‹ค .โ€ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค . ํŒจํ‚ท ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋”ฉ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค . โ€“ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ ๋‚ญ๋น„ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ํฌํŠธ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฒ„ํผ๋ง ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค . - Catalyst 1900 : MAC Table 1024 entries - Catalyst 2950 : MAC Table 8192 entries

* How Switches and Bridges Learn Source MAC Addresses

Page 6: Chapter 5 Configuring Catalyst Switch Operations

5_6

Learning Addresses

MAC address table

0260.8c01.1111

0260.8c01.2222

0260.8c01.3333

0260.8c01.4444

E0: 0260.8c01.1111

E0 E1

E2 E3DC

BA

MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ 0260.8c01.1111 ์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ A ๋Š” MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ 0260.8c01.2222 ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ C๋กœ ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค . 1 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ด๋”๋„ท์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ž„์‹œ ๋ฒ„ํผ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ €์žฅ๋œ๋‹ค . 2 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์Šค์œ„์น˜์— MAC ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ํฌํŠธ๋กœ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ ํ•œ๋‹ค . 3 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์Šค์œ„์น˜ A ์—์„œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋”ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์†ก์‹ ์ง€ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ E0 ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ๋กํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค . 4 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ์บ์‹œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— ์ €์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  , ์ผ์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์žฌ์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ด ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„๋‹ค .

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5_7

Learning Addresses (cont.)

MAC address table

0260.8c01.1111

0260.8c01.2222

0260.8c01.3333

0260.8c01.4444

E0: 0260.8c01.1111E3: 0260.8c01.4444

E0 E1

E2 E3 DC

A B

MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ 0260.8c01.4444 ์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ D ๋Š” MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ 0260.8c01.2222 ์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ C ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค . 1 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์†ก์‹ ์ง€ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ 0260.8c01.4444 ๊ฐ€ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค . 2 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์ „์†ก๋œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ์ฃผ์†Œ , ์ฆ‰ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ C ๊ฐ€ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต๋œ๋‹ค . 3 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ์ฃผ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌํŠธ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ ๋งตํ•‘์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋œ ํฌํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํฌํŠธ๋“ค๋กœ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋”ฉํ•œ๋‹ค . 4 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ C ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ A ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํฌํŠธ E2์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ C ์˜ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค . 5 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ๋ชจ๋“  ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™„์ „ํ•œ MAC ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„๋‹ค .

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Filtering Frames

E0: 0260.8c01.1111

E2: 0260.8c01.2222E1: 0260.8c01.3333E3: 0260.8c01.4444

0260.8c01.1111

0260.8c01.2222

0260.8c01.3333

0260.8c01.4444

E0 E1

E2 E3

XXXX DC

A B

MAC address table

MAC ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ A ๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ C ๋กœ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ˆœ์„œ 1 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์ „์†ก๋œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์—์„œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ , ์ฆ‰ 0260.8c01.2222 ๋ฅผ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ๋‹ค . 2 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ ํฌํŠธ E2 ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉด ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์ด ํฌํŠธ๋กœ๋งŒ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์žฌ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค . 3 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํฌํŠธ E1 ๋˜๋Š” ํฌํŠธ E3 ๋กœ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์žฌ ์ „์†กํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ , ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งํฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์„ ์ ˆ์•ฝ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค . ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค . 4 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : MAC ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์—์„œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ A ์˜ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ 0260.8c01.1111 ๋ฅผ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค .

* How Switches and Bridges Forward and Filter Frames

Page 9: Chapter 5 Configuring Catalyst Switch Operations

5_9

Filtering Frames (cont.)

E0: 0260.8c01.1111E0: 0260.8c01.4444 . .

MAC address table

0260.8c01.1111

0260.8c01.4444

E0 E1C

A

HUB Switch

์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ A, B ๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Šค์œ„์น˜์— E0 ์— ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค - ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ A ์—์„œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ B ๋กœ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค . - ์Šค์œ„์น˜ E0 ํฌํŠธ๋Š” ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ A, B ์˜ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค . - ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ A ์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌํŠธ๋กœ ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค .

A

B

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Broadcast and Multicast Frames (Flooding)

0260.8c01.1111

0260.8c01.2222

0260.8c01.3333

0260.8c01.4444

E0 E1

E2 E3 DC

A B

E0: 0260.8c01.1111

E2: 0260.8c01.2222E1: 0260.8c01.3333E3: 0260.8c01.4444

MAC address table

Station D ๊ฐ€ broadcast ๋˜๋Š” multicast frame ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค . Broadcast ๋˜๋Š” multicast frame ์€ originating port ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํฌํŠธ๋กœ Flooding ๋œ๋‹ค . ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” Default ๋กœ Broadcast, Multicast, Unknown Address Frame ์„ Flooding ํ•œ๋‹ค .

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Redundant Topology Overview

Redundant Switch ์™€ bridge topologies ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค . L2 Switch ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค . L2 Switch ์˜ ๋ฃจํ”„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค .

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Redundant Topology

Segment 1

Segment 2

Server/host X Router Y

Redundant topology ๋Š” SPOF(single points of failure) ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค .

Redundant topology ๋Š” broadcast storms, multiple frame copies, and MAC address table instability ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค .

* Redundant Switched and Bridged Topologies

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Segment 1

Segment 2

Server/host X Router Y

BroadcastSwitch A Switch B

์Šค์œ„์น˜๋“ค์€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•œ ํฌํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํฌํŠธ๋กœ ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋“œ์บ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ ํ•œ๋‹ค . 1 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ X๊ฐ€ ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋“œ์บ์ŠคํŠธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šค์œ„์น˜ A ์— ์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋œ๋‹ค . 2 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์Šค์œ„์น˜ A ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ ์ด๋”๋„ท ๋งํฌ์ธ ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ 2 ๋กœ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ ํ•œ๋‹ค . 3 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์ด ์Šค์œ„์น˜ B ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด , ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜์–ด ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ 1 ๋กœ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ ๋œ๋‹ค . 4 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„๋“ค์€ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์— ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ํ›„์—๋„ ๊ณ„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋– ๋Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค .

Broadcast Storms* Broadcast Storms

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1 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ X๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ Y๋กœ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์€ ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ด๋”๋„ท ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ 1 ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋œ๋‹ค . ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์Šค์œ„์น˜ A ๋Š” ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค . 2 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์Šค์œ„์น˜ A ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ์ฃผ์†Œ ํ•„๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ Y์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ์—”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด , ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋”ฉ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค . 3 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์Šค์œ„์น˜ B ๋„ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ์—”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์— ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋”ฉ ํ•œ๋‹ค . 4 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ Y๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค .

Multiple Frame Copies* Multiple Frame Transmissions

Segment 1

Segment 2

Server/host X Router Y

Unicast

Switch A Switch B

Unicast

Unicast

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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์€ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌํŠธ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ๋“ค์ด ๋„์ฐฉ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค . - 1 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ X๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ Y๋กœ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์บ์ŠคํŠธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค . - 2 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ Y MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์Šค์œ„์น˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•™์Šต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค . - 3 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์Šค์œ„์น˜ A ์™€ B ๋Š” Host X์˜ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ ํฌํŠธ 0 ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•™์Šตํ•œ๋‹ค . - 4 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ Y๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์ด ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ๋œ๋‹ค . - 5 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ : ์Šค์œ„์น˜ A ์™€ B ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ X์˜ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํŠธ 1 ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž˜๋ชป ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค .

MAC Database Instability

* MAC Database Instability

Segment 1

Segment 2

Server/host X Router Y

Unicast Unicast

Switch A Switch B

Port 0

Port 1

Port 0

Port 1

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Spanning-tree Protocol

STP์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค . ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋‚˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฃจํ”„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค .

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Segment A

Segment B

Reference Point

XX

Spanning-Tree Protocol

Cisco Switch ๋Š” IEEE 802.1d Spanning tree ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค . Spanning tree ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋ฃจํ”„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค . Spanning tree ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋งํฌ , ์Šค์œ„์น˜ , ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค . ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ , Spanning tree ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ํฌํŠธ๋“ค์„ ์žฌ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์†์‹ค ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฃจํ”„์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ง‰์•„์ค€๋‹ค . Spanning tree ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ Catalyst ์Šค์œ„์น˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ enable ๋œ๋‹ค .

* Spanning-Tree Protocol

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Designated port (F)Root port (F)

Designated port (F) Nondesignated port (B)

Root bridge Nonroot bridgeSW X SW Y

100baseT

10baseT

XX

Spanning-Tree Operation Network(Subnet) ๋‹น ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ Root

Bridge Non-Root Bridge ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ Root

Port Segment ๋ณ„๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ Designated

Port

Network(Subnet) ๋‹น ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ Root Bridge

Non-Root Bridge ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ Root Port

Segment ๋ณ„๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ Designated Port

Elects one root bridge : ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋“œ์บ์ŠคํŠธ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฃจํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค . ๋ฃจํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํฌํŠธ๋“ค์€ ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  designated port ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค . Selects the root port on the nonroot bridges : ๋ฃจํŠธ ํฌํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฃจํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฃจํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ ๋น„์šฉ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ด๋‹ค . ๋ฃจํŠธ ํฌํŠธ๋Š” ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฃจํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค . ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„์ ๋œ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค . Selects the designated port on each segment : designated port ๋Š” ๋ฃจํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ ๋น„์šฉ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์—์„œ ์„ ํƒ๋œ๋‹ค .

* Spanning-Tree Operation

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Spanning-Tree Protocol Root Bridge Selection

SW X SW YBPDU

Switch XDefault Priority 32768(0x8000)MAC 0c0011111111

Switch YDefault Priority 32768(0x8000)MAC 0c0022222222

BPDU : Bridge Protocol Data Unit โ€“ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ์บ์ŠคํŠธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค 2์ดˆ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ์ „์†ก๋œ๋‹ค . Root bridge : ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ bridge ID ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค . Bridge ID ๋Š” ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„์™€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค . ๋””ํดํŠธ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ (IEEE 802.1d) ๋Š” 32768 ์ด๋‹ค . ๋””ํดํŠธ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ๊ฐ’์ด ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉด ๋‚ฎ์€ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฃจํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค .

BPDU : Bridge Protocol Data Unit โ€“ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ์บ์ŠคํŠธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค 2์ดˆ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ์ „์†ก๋œ๋‹ค . Root bridge : ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ bridge ID ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค . Bridge ID ๋Š” ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„์™€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค . ๋””ํดํŠธ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ (IEEE 802.1d) ๋Š” 32768 ์ด๋‹ค . ๋””ํดํŠธ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ๊ฐ’์ด ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉด ๋‚ฎ์€ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฃจํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค .

* Selecting the Root Bridge

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Spanning-Tree Port states

์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ž‘๋™ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ํฌํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค . ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํฌํŠธ๋Š” ์ž„์‹œ๋กœ Listening, Learning ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค . ํฌํŠธ๋“ค์€ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ฃจํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค . Listening ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ BPDU ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค . Learning ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํฌํŠธ์˜ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ MAC ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค . Forwarding ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹  ํ•œ๋‹ค .

* Stages of Spanning-Tree Port States

Listening(forward delay = 15

sec)

Listening(forward delay = 15

sec)

ForwardingForwarding

Blocking(move to listening

After it decidesIt is a rootPort or a

designated port)

Blocking(move to listening

After it decidesIt is a rootPort or a

designated port)

Link comes up

Link comes up

BlockingLoss of BPDU

detected(max age = 20 sec)

BlockingLoss of BPDU

detected(max age = 20 sec)

Learning(forward delay = 15

sec)

Learning(forward delay = 15

sec)

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Spanning-Tree Port states (cont.)

Designated port (F)Root port (F)

Designated port (F) Nondesignated port (B)

Root bridge Nonroot bridge

SW X SW Y

100BaseT

10BaseT

XX

Switch XDefault Priority 32768(0x8000)MAC 0c0011111111

Switch YDefault Priority 32768(0x8000)MAC 0c0022222222

Port 1

Port 0

Port 1

Port 0

๋ฃจํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์ธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ X์—์„œ์˜ ํฌํŠธ๋“ค์€ designated ports ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค . (forwarding) ์Šค์œ„์น˜ Y์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒจ์ŠคํŠธ ์ด๋”๋„ท ํฌํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฃจํŠธ ํฌํŠธ ์ด๋‹ค . (forwarding) ์ด๋”๋„ท ํฌํŠธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฃจํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋” ์ ๋‹ค . ์Šค์œ„์น˜ Y์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋”๋„ท ํฌํŠธ๋Š” nondesignated port ์ด๋‹ค . (blocking) ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ ๋‹น ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ง€๋ช…๋œ ํฌํŠธ๋งŒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค .

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Link Speed Cost(Current IEEE Spec) Cost(Previous IEEE Spec)----------------------------------------------------------10Gbps 2 11Gbps 4 1100Mbps 19 1010Mbps 100 100

Link Speed Cost(Current IEEE Spec) Cost(Previous IEEE Spec)----------------------------------------------------------10Gbps 2 11Gbps 4 1100Mbps 19 1010Mbps 100 100

Spanning-Tree Path Cost

IEEE 802.1d ์‚ฌ์–‘์—์„œ ๋ช…์‹œ๋œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค . Spanning tree ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋งํฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฐ’๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ˆ„์ ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค .

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Spanning-Tree Example

Switch YMAC 0c0022222222Default priority 32768

Switch XMAC 0c0011111111Default priority 32768

Port 0

Port 1

Port 0

Port 1

Switch ZMac 0c0011110000Default priority 32768

Port 0

100BaseT

100BaseT

Designated port (F)

Root port (F)

Designatedport (F)

Nondesignatedport (BLK)

Root port (F)

์ƒ๋Œ€ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ BPDU ์˜ Bridge ID(Bridge Priority+MAC Address) ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ Port ๊ฐ€ Designated Port ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค .

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Spanning-Tree Recalculation

์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์žฅ๋น„ ์†์‹ค ๋˜๋Š” ๋งํฌ ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ† ํด๋ฆฌ์ง€์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ† ํด๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์žฌ์กฐ์ •ํ•ด์„œ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ํฌํŠธ์™€ ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉ ํฌํŠธ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํ•œ๋‹ค . ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์Šค์œ„์น˜ X๊ฐ€ ์†์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด , ์Šค์œ„์น˜ Y๋Š” ๋ฃจํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ BPDU ๋ฅผ ํƒ์ง€ MAX Age ํƒ€์ด๋จธ๊ฐ€ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด BPDU ์˜ ๋„์ฐฉ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด STP๋Š” ์žฌ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค . ํฌํŠธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค . ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•œ (converge)๋‹ค์Œ์— ์Šค์œ„์น˜ Y์˜ port 1 ์€ designated port ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค .

* Spanning-Tree Recalculation

Port 0

Port 1

Port 0

Port 1

Switch Z

Port 0

100BaseT

100BaseT

Designated port (F)

Designated port(F)

Switch X Switch Y

Root port(F)

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Spanning-Tree Recalculation (cont.)

โ€ขBlocking : Frame ์„ Forwarding ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค . ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์งˆ ๋•Œ์˜ Default Mode ์ด๋‹ค. Blocking State ์—์„œ๋„ BPDU ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋œ๋‹ค (Blocking Port ์—์„œ BPDU ๋ฅผ ์†ก์‹ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค .)โ€ขMax Age : Bridge Failure, Link Failure ๋“ฑ Topology ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฃจํŠธ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ BPDU(Default 2 ์ดˆ = Hello Time) ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด Max Age Timer(Default 20 ์ดˆ ) ๋™์•ˆ BPDU ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค . ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์—๋„ BPDU๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด Listening Mode ๋กœ ์ดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค .โ€ขListening : ๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋˜๋Š” BPDU ๋ฅผ ์ฒดํฌํ•˜์—ฌ Spanning Tree Recalculation ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ Blocking Port ๊ฐ€ Forwarding State ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Loop ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค . Default ๋กœ 15 ์ดˆ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ• ๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค .(Forward Delay)โ€ขLearning : ํ–ฅํ›„์˜ Forwarding ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Mac Address ๋ฅผ Learning ํ•˜์—ฌ Filter Table ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค . Default ๋กœ 15 ์ดˆ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋œ๋‹ค . (Forward Delay)โ€ขForwarding : Frame ์„ Forwarding ํ•œ๋‹ค .

Topology ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ Blocking Mode ์—์„œ Forwarding State ๋กœ ์ดํ–‰ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” Default ๋กœ 50 ์ดˆ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์—๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์ด Forwarding ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค .

Blocking Listening Learning Forwarding

Max Age(20 ์ดˆ )

Forward Delay(15 ์ดˆ )

Forward Delay(15 ์ดˆ )

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Rapid Spanning-Tree Protocol

Port 0

Port 1

Port 0

Port 1

Switch ZRoot Bridge

Port 0

100BaseT

100BaseT

Designated port (F)

Root port (F)

Designatedport (F)

Root port (F)

Switch XDesignated Bridge

Switch Y

Alternate Port(DIS)

Rapid Spanning-Tree Protocol (RSTP) ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ Spanning-Tree ์˜ ์žฌ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค . RSTP ๋Š” Alternate ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ํฌํŠธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ backup ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  discarding, learning, forwarding ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค .

* Rapid Spanning-Tree Protocol

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Operational Status

STP Port State RSTP Port StatePort Included inActive Topology

Enabled Blocking Discarding No

Enabled Listening Discarding No

Enabled Learning Learning Yes

Enabled Forwarding Forwarding Yes

Disabled Disabled Discarding No

Rapid Spanning-Tree Protocol (cont.)

RSTP๋Š” IEEE 802.1w ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์ด๋‹ค . RSTP๋Š” physical topology ๋‚˜ configuration parameter ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ active topology ์˜ reconvergence ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹จ์ถ•์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค . RSTP๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žฌ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉ ํฌํŠธ๋กœ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ํฌํŠธ ์„ค์ •์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค . IEEE 802.1w ์— ๋ช…์‹œ๋œ RSTP๋Š” STP๋กœ ํ˜ธํ™˜์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ 802.1d ์— ๋ช…์‹œ๋œ STP๋ฅผ ํ•„์š” ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค . RSTP ์—์„œ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํฌํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ•  - Root : spanning-tree topology ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉ ํฌํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค . - Designated : switched LAN segment ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํฌ์›Œ๋”ฉ ํฌํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค . - Alternate : ๋ฃจํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜ alternate path ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฃจํŠธ ํฌํŠธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค . - Backup : path ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ backup์€ spanning tree ์˜ designated ํฌํŠธ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค . - Disabled : ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์—ญํ• ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค .

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๋น ๋ฅธ convergence ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” edge port ์™€ link-type ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค . edge port ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ๋ฃจํ”„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  listening ๊ณผ learning ๊ณผ์ •์—†์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ Forwarding ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค . edge port ๋Š” link ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์—๋„ topology ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค . RSTP๋Š” edge port ์™€ point-to-point (pt-pt) links ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค . link-type ์€ port ์˜ duplex ๋ชจ๋“œ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋œ๋‹ค . : full-duplex๋Š” point-to-point , half-duplex๋Š” shared

Rapid Transition to ForwardingRoot

HUB

Link-type(shared)

edge-type(shared)

Link-type(pt-pt)

edge-type(pt-pt)

Switch

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Configuring a Catalyst Switch

์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์„ค์ •์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค . ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์„ค์ •์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค . ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์„ค์ •๋“ค์„ ์ง์ ‘ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค .

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2950 Default Configuration

IP address: 0.0.0.0 CDP: Enabled Switching mode: fragment free 10/100 baseT port: Auto-negotiate duplex mode Spanning Tree: Enabled Console password: none

์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๊ณต์žฅ ์ถœํ•˜์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์„ธํŒ… ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค . ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ’๋“ค์€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค .

* Verifying the Catalyst Switch Default Configuration

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2950 Password ์„ค์ •

Switch_2950(config)# line vty 0 15Switch_2950(config-line)#loginSwitch_2950(config-if)#password cisco

Switch_2950(config)# line con 0Switch_2950(config-line)#loginSwitch_2950(config-if)#password cisco

Switch_2950(config)#enable password ciscoSwitch_2950(config)#enable secret router

Switch_2950(config)# line vty 0 15Switch_2950(config-line)#loginSwitch_2950(config-if)#password cisco

Switch_2950(config)# line con 0Switch_2950(config-line)#loginSwitch_2950(config-if)#password cisco

Switch_2950(config)#enable password ciscoSwitch_2950(config)#enable secret router

Catalyst 2950 ์—์„œ๋Š” AUX ํฌํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 4 ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํŒจ์Šค์›Œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ• 

์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค .

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Configuring the Switch IP Address

Configures an IP address and subnet mask on the switch

Switch_2950(config)#interface vlan 1Switch_2950(config-if)#ip address 10.5.5.30 255.255.255.0Switch_2950(config-if)#no shutdown

Switch_2950(config)#interface vlan 1Switch_2950(config-if)#ip address 10.5.5.30 255.255.255.0Switch_2950(config-if)#no shutdown

IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค . Virtual Switch Manager (VSM)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์Šค์œ„์น˜์— IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์ • ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์›น๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €์™€ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” IP ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค . Telnet ์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  SNMP๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค .

* Configuring the Catalyst Switch IP Address and Default Gateway

Switch hostname ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ

Switch(config)#hostname Switch_2950Switch_2950(config-if)#Switch(config)#hostname Switch_2950Switch_2950(config-if)#

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Showing the Switch IP Address

Catalyst 2950

Switch_2950# show interface vlan 1Vlan1 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is Cat5K Virtual Ethernet, address is 0010.f6a9.9800 (bia 0010.f6a9.9800) Internet address is 10.5.5.30/24 Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255 . . .

Switch_2950#sh runโ€ฆinterface Vlan1 ip address 10.5.5.30 255.255.255.0 no ip route-cacheโ€ฆ

Switch_2950# show interface vlan 1Vlan1 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is Cat5K Virtual Ethernet, address is 0010.f6a9.9800 (bia 0010.f6a9.9800) Internet address is 10.5.5.30/24 Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255 . . .

Switch_2950#sh runโ€ฆinterface Vlan1 ip address 10.5.5.30 255.255.255.0 no ip route-cacheโ€ฆ

Catalyst 2500 ์—์„œ๋Š” show interface vlan 1, sh run ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค .

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Configuring the Switch Default Gateway

Switch_2950(config)#ip default-gateway {ip_address}Switch_2950(config)#ip default-gateway {ip_address}

Switch_2950# config tSwitch_2950(config)# ip default-gateway 10.5.5.1Switch_2950# config tSwitch_2950(config)# ip default-gateway 10.5.5.1

Catalyst 2950 ์˜ ip default-gateway ์„ค์ • ๋ช…๋ น์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋˜๋Š” Traffic ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” default-gateway ๋กœ ์ด Traffic ์„ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค . default-gateway IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์˜ Ethernet IP ์ฃผ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค .

Switch_2950# show ip default 10.5.5.1Switch_2950# show ip default 10.5.5.1

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Full duplex (์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ )โ€ข Point-to-point ์ด๋”๋„ท๊ณผ ํŒจ์ŠคํŠธ ์ด๋”๋„ท ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค .โ€ข dedicated switched port ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค .โ€ข์–‘์ชฝ์—์„œ์˜ full-duplex ์ง€์›์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค . โ€ข Collision free ์ด๋‹ค . โ€ข Collision detect circuit ์ด disabled ๋œ๋‹ค .โ€ข 10BaseT, 100BaseT, 100BaseFx ๋งค์ฒด์ง€์›

๋ฐ˜์ด์ค‘๋ฐฉ์‹ (CSMA/CD) ์ „์ด์ค‘๋ฐฉ์‹

๋‹จ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ ์ ๋Œ€์ 

์ถฉ๋Œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Œ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์—†์Œํ—ˆ๋ธŒ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ถฉ๋Œ ํƒ์ง€ ํšŒ์„ ์ด disable ๋จ

์ „์šฉ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ํฌํŠธ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋จ์–‘์ชฝ๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ „์ด์ค‘๋ฐฉ์‹ ์ง€์›

50~60% ์˜ ํšจ์œจ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ 100% ํšจ์œจ

Duplex Overview

Half duplex (CSMA/CD)โ€ข ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ data flow ์ด๋‹ค .โ€ข๋†’์€ Collision ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค .โ€ข Hub ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค .โ€ข CSMA/CD ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค .

Switch

Hub

* Duplexing and Speed

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Setting Duplex Options ๋ฐ description ์„ค์ •

Switch_2950(config)#interface fa 0/1Switch_2950(config-if)#speed {10 | 100 | auto}Switch_2950(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}.โ€ฆ.Switch_2950(config-if)#description [cisco router connection]

Switch_2950(config)#interface fa 0/1Switch_2950(config-if)#speed {10 | 100 | auto}Switch_2950(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}.โ€ฆ.Switch_2950(config-if)#description [cisco router connection]

duplex ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์„ค์ • ๋ช…๋ น์–ด ์˜ต์…˜ - auto : duplex mode ๋ฅผ autonegotiation ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค . 100M ํฌํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค . - full : full-duplex ๋ชจ๋“œ๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค . - half : half-duplex ๋ชจ๋“œ๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค . Half ๋Š” 10Mbps TX ํฌํŠธ์— ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค .

* Configuring the Duplex Interface

description โ€“ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ํฌํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€

๋˜ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค .

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Showing Duplex Options

Switch# show interfaces fastethernet 0/1

Fastethernet 0/3 is up, line protocol ip downHardware is Fast Ethernet, address is 0000.0000.0003 (bia 0000.0000.0003)Description [cisco router connetion]MTU 1500bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 100Usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set,Keepalive set(10 sec)Full-duplex, 100Mb/sInput flow-control is off, output flow-control is offARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00Last input never output never, output hang neverLast clearing of โ€œshow interfaceโ€ counters neverQueueing strategy: fifo-----0 output errors, 0 collisions, 2 interface resets0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred

Switch# show interfaces fastethernet 0/1

Fastethernet 0/3 is up, line protocol ip downHardware is Fast Ethernet, address is 0000.0000.0003 (bia 0000.0000.0003)Description [cisco router connetion]MTU 1500bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 100Usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set,Keepalive set(10 sec)Full-duplex, 100Mb/sInput flow-control is off, output flow-control is offARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00Last input never output never, output hang neverLast clearing of โ€œshow interfaceโ€ counters neverQueueing strategy: fifo-----0 output errors, 0 collisions, 2 interface resets0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred

Show interface : duplex setting ๋ฐ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์–ด . ํ•œ์ชฝ์€ half duplex, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ์ชฝ์€ full-duplex ๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋˜๋ฉด full duplex ์ชฝ์—์„œ late collision error ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ๋‹ค . late collision error ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋ฉด duplex ์„ค์ •์˜ ๋งค์นญ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค . ๋งค์นญ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์‘๋‹ต์ด ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค .

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Showing Duplex Options

Switch# show interfaces status

Port Name status Vlan Duplex Speed Type

Fa0/1 notconnect 1 Full 100 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/2 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/3 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/4 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/5 connected 1 a-full a-100 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/6 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/7 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/8 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/9 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/10 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/11 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/12 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Switch# show interfaces status

Port Name status Vlan Duplex Speed Type

Fa0/1 notconnect 1 Full 100 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/2 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/3 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/4 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/5 connected 1 a-full a-100 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/6 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/7 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/8 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/9 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/10 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/11 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

Fa0/12 notconnect 1 auto auto 10/100Base-TX

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Managing the MAC Address Table

Catalyst 2950Switch_2950(config)#interface Fa0/1Switch_2950(config-if)#spanning-tree portfast

Switch_2950# show mac address-table

Mac Address Table-------------------------------------------Vlan Mac Address Type Ports---- ----------- -------- ----- All 000e.8479.e080 STATIC CPU All 0100.0ccc.cccc STATIC CPU All 0100.0ccc.cccd STATIC CPU All 0100.0cdd.dddd STATIC CPU 1 0002.b3d4.7e81 DYNAMIC Fa0/5 1 0003.a088.7d34 DYNAMIC Fa0/2 1 00a9.400f.732d DYNAMIC Fa0/4 1 00d0.b79c.0745 DYNAMIC Fa0/3Total Mac Addresses for this criterion: 8Switch_2950#

Switch_2950(config)#interface Fa0/1Switch_2950(config-if)#spanning-tree portfast

Switch_2950# show mac address-table

Mac Address Table-------------------------------------------Vlan Mac Address Type Ports---- ----------- -------- ----- All 000e.8479.e080 STATIC CPU All 0100.0ccc.cccc STATIC CPU All 0100.0ccc.cccd STATIC CPU All 0100.0cdd.dddd STATIC CPU 1 0002.b3d4.7e81 DYNAMIC Fa0/5 1 0003.a088.7d34 DYNAMIC Fa0/2 1 00a9.400f.732d DYNAMIC Fa0/4 1 00d0.b79c.0745 DYNAMIC Fa0/3Total Mac Addresses for this criterion: 8Switch_2950#

show mac address-table ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋™์  , ์ •์  , ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ MAC ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ์ฃผ์†Œ์™€

์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ํƒ€์ž…์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค

* Managing the MAC Address Table

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Setting a permanent MAC Address

Switch_2950(config)#mac-address-table static mac_addr vlan {vlan_id} interface type slot/portSwitch_2950(config)#mac-address-table static mac_addr vlan {vlan_id} interface type slot/port

ex) Switch_2950(config)#mac-address-table static 2222.2222.2222 vlan 2 int fa 0/2

Switch ๊ฐ Port ๋ณ„๋กœ ํŠน์ • MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ Port ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค .

๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋ฉด ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค .

Switch_2950# show mac-address-tableMac Address Table-------------------------------------------Vlan Mac Address Type Ports---- ----------- -------- -----1 2222.2222.2222 STATIC Fa0/21 0003.a088.7d34 DYNAMIC Fa0/5

Switch_2950# show mac-address-tableMac Address Table-------------------------------------------Vlan Mac Address Type Ports---- ----------- -------- -----1 2222.2222.2222 STATIC Fa0/21 0003.a088.7d34 DYNAMIC Fa0/5

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Catalyst 2950 Port-security ์„ค์ •

Switch_2950(config)#interface fa0/1Switch_2950(config-if)# switchport mode accessSwitch_2950(config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 10

Switch_2950(config)#interface fa0/1Switch_2950(config-if)# switchport mode accessSwitch_2950(config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 10

MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํฌํŠธ ๋ณด์•ˆ์˜ ์žฅ์  - ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ํฌํŠธ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค๋“ค๋งŒ ํŠน์ • ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ํฌํŠธ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค . - ์ด ํฌํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์†Œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค . - ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ํฌํŠธ์˜ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋Š” 1-132 ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋‹ค .

Switch_2950(config)#interface fa0/1Switch_2950(config-if)# no switchport port-security --- ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”Switch_2950(config)#interface fa0/1Switch_2950(config-if)# no switchport port-security --- ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”

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Switch_2950# show port-security = ํฌํŠธ๋ณด์•ˆ ์„ค์ • ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ™•์ธ

Switch_2950# show port-security interface fa 0/1Port Security : DisabledPort Status : Secure-downViolation Mode : ShutdownAging Time : 0 minsAging Type : AbsoluteSecureStatic Address Aging : DisabledMaximum MAC Addresses : 10Total MAC Addresses : 0Configured MAC Addresses : 0Sticky MAC Addresses : 0Last Source Address : 0000.0000.0000Security Violation Count : 0

Switch_2950# show port-security = ํฌํŠธ๋ณด์•ˆ ์„ค์ • ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ™•์ธ

Switch_2950# show port-security interface fa 0/1Port Security : DisabledPort Status : Secure-downViolation Mode : ShutdownAging Time : 0 minsAging Type : AbsoluteSecureStatic Address Aging : DisabledMaximum MAC Addresses : 10Total MAC Addresses : 0Configured MAC Addresses : 0Sticky MAC Addresses : 0Last Source Address : 0000.0000.0000Security Violation Count : 0

Verifying Port Security on the Catalyst 2950

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Verifying Port Security on the Catalyst 2950

Switch_2950(config-if)#switchport port-security violation {protect |restrict

| shutdown}

Switch_2950(config-if)#switchport port-security violation {protect |restrict

| shutdown}

Switch_2950# show port-security interface fa 0/1Switch_2950# show port-security interface fa 0/1

show mac-address-table secure ๋ช…๋ น์–ด๋Š” ํฌํŠธ ๋ณด์•ˆ์ด ์„ค์ •๋œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์™€ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค . ํฌํŠธ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ - protect : ํฌํŠธ๋ณดํ˜ธ , ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์–ด๋“œ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ์ „์†ก์•ˆ์Œ - restrict : ๋ณด์•ˆํ™•๋ณด , - shutdown : ํ•ด๋‹น ํฌํŠธ๋ฅผ shutdown ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค . (๊ธฐ๋ณธ์„ค์ • )

Switch_2950# show mac address-table interface fa0/1 Mac Address Table-------------------------------------------Vlan Mac Address Type Ports---- ----------- -------- ----- 1 0003.a088.7d34 DYNAMIC Fa0/2Total Mac Addresses for this criterion: 1

Switch_2950# show mac address-table interface fa0/1 Mac Address Table-------------------------------------------Vlan Mac Address Type Ports---- ----------- -------- ----- 1 0003.a088.7d34 DYNAMIC Fa0/2Total Mac Addresses for this criterion: 1

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Executing Adds, Moves, and Changes for MAC Addresses

Adding a MAC Address

1. Port security ์„ค์ •2. MAC address ์„ค์ •1. Port security ์„ค์ •2. MAC address ์„ค์ •

Changing a MAC Address

Moving a MAC Address

1. Port ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ MAC ์–ด๋“œ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ œํ•œ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค .1. Port ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ MAC ์–ด๋“œ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ œํ•œ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค .

1. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํฌํŠธ์— ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•œ๋‹ค . 2. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šค์œ„์น˜์— port security ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค . 3. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šค์œ„์น˜์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค .4. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํฌํŠธ๋Š” shutdown ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  , ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด port ์— ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฐ , access list ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค .

1. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํฌํŠธ์— ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•œ๋‹ค . 2. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šค์œ„์น˜์— port security ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค . 3. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šค์œ„์น˜์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ MAC ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค .4. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํฌํŠธ๋Š” shutdown ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  , ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด port ์— ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฐ , access list ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค .

Ethernet network interface card (NIC) ์ด fails ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด MAC address ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ฃผ์†Œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ ํšจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค . ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด Ethernet NIC ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตํ™˜ ํ›„ ํฌํŠธ์— ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ MAC address security ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  , ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด MAC address ๋กœ security ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์„ค์ • ํ•ด ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค .

* Executing Adds, Moves, and Changes

Switch

Hub

Move

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Adding a New Switch to the network

๊ด€๋ฆฌ์šฉ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ IP_address ์™€ default gateway ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค . console, aux, vty ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ ‘์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค . User EXEC ์™€ Privileged EXEC ์˜ security ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค . single workstations, IP phones, trunking upstream/downstream ๋“ฑ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค . ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ spanning tree ์˜ root bridge ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ? - Topology ์ „์ฒด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค . - ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜๋„ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋กœ ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์ด ํ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค . - ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žฌ์„ค์ •์„ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค . ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ root bridge ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค . - ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์„ค์ •์„ ๋จผ์ €ํ•˜๊ณ  , ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค .

Switch

Move

Hub

Switch Add

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Managing the Configuration File

Catalyst 2950

Switch_2950#copy startup-config tftp://host/dst_fileSwitch_2950#copy startup-config tftp://host/dst_file

#copy nvram tftp://10.1.1.1/wgswd.cfg : ์„ค์ • ํŒŒ์ผ์„ 10.1.1.1 ์ฃผ์†Œ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  TFTP ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ wgswd.cfg ํŒŒ์ผ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์—…๋กœ๋“œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์–ด #copy tftp://host/src_file nvram : 10.1.1.1 ์ฃผ์†Œ์˜ TFTP ์„œ๋ฒ„์˜ ์„ค์ • ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ NVRAM ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์–ด Catalyst 1900 ์—์„œ๋Š” running ์„ค์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๋งˆ running ์„ค์ •์ด ์ž๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ NVRAM ์— ์ €์žฅ๋œ๋‹ค .

* Managing Device Configuration Files

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Clearing NVRAM

Switch_2950#erase startup-configErasing the nvram filesystem will remove all files ! Continue? [confirm](Enter)[OK]Erase of nvram: completeSwitch_2950#reload

Switch_2950#erase startup-configErasing the nvram filesystem will remove all files ! Continue? [confirm](Enter)[OK]Erase of nvram: completeSwitch_2950#reload

system configuration ์„ factory default ๋กœ Reset ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค . โ€œeraseโ€ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ NVRAM ์— ์ €์žฅ๋ผ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์‚ญ์ œํ•œ๋‹ค . โ€œreloadโ€ ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„œ ์žฌ ๋ถ€ํŒ…์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ญ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค .

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์ฐธ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ (1)

Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU)

BPDU ๋Š” โ€ข Root Bridge ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค .โ€ข Loop ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค .โ€ข Loop ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด Blocking ํ•œ๋‹ค .โ€ข ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค .โ€ข Spanning Tree ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ํ•œ๋‹ค .

BPDU ๋Š” โ€ข Root Bridge ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค .โ€ข Loop ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค .โ€ข Loop ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด Blocking ํ•œ๋‹ค .โ€ข ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค .โ€ข Spanning Tree ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ํ•œ๋‹ค .

Default Timer ValuesHello Time : 2 secsMaximum Time(Max Age) : 20 secsForward Delay : 15 secs

Default Timer ValuesHello Time : 2 secsMaximum Time(Max Age) : 20 secsForward Delay : 15 secs

โ€ข Timer ๋Š” ์ž„์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” Bridging Loop ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค .โ€ข Timer ๋Š” Link Failure ํ›„์— Spanning Tree Convergence Time ์„

๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค .

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์ฐธ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ (2)

๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์™€ ์Šค์œ„์น˜

โ€ข Primarily software basedโ€ข One spanning-tree instance

per bridgeโ€ข Usually up to 16 ports per

bridge

Bridging Switchingโ€ขPrimarily hardware based (ASIC)

โ€ขMany spanning-tree instances per switch

โ€ขMore ports on a switch

์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” multiport bridge( bridges with more ports)๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค . ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค (ASIC :Application Specific Integrated Circuit)๋กœ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ž‘๋‹ค . (Low Latency) ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ Spanning Tree ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ–์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ Spanning Tree ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค . ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 16 ๊ฐœ์˜ ํฌํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ํฌํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค . ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํฌํŠธ๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์‹ ์— ์žˆ์–ด , Multiple Connection ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํฌํŠธ๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค . ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๋Œ€๋น„ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๋‹ค .(Low cost)

์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” multiport bridge( bridges with more ports)๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค . ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค (ASIC :Application Specific Integrated Circuit)๋กœ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ž‘๋‹ค . (Low Latency) ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ Spanning Tree ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ–์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ Spanning Tree ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค . ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 16 ๊ฐœ์˜ ํฌํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ํฌํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค . ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํฌํŠธ๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์‹ ์— ์žˆ์–ด , Multiple Connection ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํฌํŠธ๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค . ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๋Œ€๋น„ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๋‹ค .(Low cost)