chapter 46 emergency response to terrorism. © 2005 by thomson delmar learning,a part of the thomson...

Chapter 46Emergency Response to Terrorism

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© 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved

Overview

Terrorism Defined Emergency Response to Terrorism Weapons of Mass Destruction Contamination vs. Irradiation Preparedness Emergency Response

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Terrorism Defined

An illegal act involving the use of force designed to intimidate the public

Domestic terrorists are US citizens who have a dispute with issues and policies of the US

International terrorists are citizens from other countries that have a dispute with the policies of the US

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Oklahoma City: FEMA News Photo New York: Photo by Bri Rodriguez/FEMA News Photo

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Stop and Review

What is meant by the term terrorism? Differentiate between domestic and

international terrorism.

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Emergency Response to Terrorism

Preplanning and training are the first steps in being able to effectively respond to a terrorist attack

Awareness level training is the minimum level of training at which all emergency responders should be trained

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Weapons of Mass Destruction

These are devices designed to kill or maim as many people as possible at one time

There are three classifications:– Nuclear– Biological– Chemical

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Nuclear Weapons

Placement of an explosive device with depleted nuclear materials

Called dirty bombs or nuclear dispersion devices

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Evidence of a NDD

Unusual debris (lead shielding) Pieces of small metal containers Dispersed powder or ceramic granules Blue or purple glow from powder or metal Unexplained heat from powder or metal

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Nuclear Weapons

Other targets for nuclear attacks:– Fixed facilities that store nuclear materials– Trains, ships, or trucks that transport nuclear

materials

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Identifying Nuclear Materials

Transported in a cask Marked with a red or

black trefoil in a white or yellow triangle

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Protection against Nuclear Materials

Time, distance, shielding Geiger counter Radiation pager

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Contamination vs. Irradiation

When irradiated, you can become ill but you are not still contaminated; you only suffer from the injury related to the dose of radiation

When contaminated, you still are giving off radiation and can continue to contaminate others around you

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Biological Weapons

There are three classes of weapons:– Bacterial agents– Viral agents– Biological toxins

Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control Public Health Image Library.

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Bacterial Agents

Anthrax– Is resistant to typical means of disinfection– Can be aerosolized and spread through the air– Can remain infectious in soil or water for many years– Symptoms include: fever, fatigue, cough, chest

discomfort progressing to severe respiratory distress

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Bacterial Agents

Plague– Weaponized into an aerosolized form– Highly contagious– Symptoms include flu-like symptoms which

progress to respiratory distress and further to cardiovascular and respiratory collapse

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Bacterial Agents

Glanders – Spread from animals to humans– Contracted through inhalation– Symptoms include chills, cold sweats,

headache, progressing to acute systemic infection and septic shock

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Viral Agents

Smallpox– Lack of current immunizations makes this

a biological threat– Symptoms include rash concentrated on

the face and extremities– Treatment is solely supportive

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Viral Agents

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF)– Ebola is the most common– Spread via contact and airborne contagions– Symptoms include flushing face and chest,

fever, petechiae

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Biological Toxins

Harmful substances created by microorganisms– Botulinum– Ricin

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Chemical Weapons

Five classifications:– Nerve agents– Blister agents– Blood agents– Choking agents– Irritating agents

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Nerve Agents

Stem from pesticides (organophosphates)

SLUDGEM represents the classic symptom pattern

Additional symptoms are pinpoint pupils, blurry vision, involuntary muscle twitching, chest pressure

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Blister Agents

Generally not fatal; used to incapacitate large numbers of people

Symptoms include reddened skin that becomes covered with blisters

Can rub off clothing Mustard gas, lewisite

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Blood Agents

Cyanide– Interferes with the ability of blood to use oxygen– Colorless gas with a faint almond smell– Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, headaches

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Choking Agents

Cause severe respiratory distress and asphyxia

Chlorine gas, phosgene gas Symptoms include burning in the

eyes, coughing fits, choking

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Irritating Agents

Generally not lethal Tear gas, riot gas, pepper spray Symptoms include coughing, choking,

shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting

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Preparedness

Emergency Operations Plan (EOP)– Hazard analysis– Resource list– Facilities list– Collaboration with law enforcement is important

Federal Response Plan (FRP)

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Preparedness

LACES is mnemonic for remembering the keys to scene safety– Look-out– Awareness– Communications– Escape route– Safety zones

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Emergency Response

Survey Scene– Identify the hazards – Activate the plan– Call additional resources– Be aware of people around scene upon arrival

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Emergency Response

Air monitoring and detection devices– Geiger counter– Dosimeter– Ionizing detection units– Colorimetric sampling

device

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Emergency Response

Self-protection– Time– Distance– Shielding

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Emergency Response

Threat reduction– TRACEM is a mnemonic that helps remember the

hazards to look for• Thermal • Radiation• Asphyxiants• Chemicals • Etiologic• Mechanical

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Stop and Review

What is an emergency operations plan? Name potential signs of a terrorist attack. Describe the principles of self-protection in

the event of a terrorist attack.

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