chapter 4,5,17 notes
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 4 Tissues
Anatomy and Physiology
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• Epithelial-covers body surfaces
• Connective-protects, supports, immunity
• Muscular-movement
• Nervous-detects change, homeostasis
Types of Tissues
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*TWO TYPES*COVERING AND LINING*GLANDULAR
Epithelial Tissue
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General Features• Closely packed cells with little in between
them
• Apical (superficial), lateral and basal layers (deep)
• Avascular- lack blood vessels
• Have a nerve supply
• High renewal and cell division
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Shapes of Epithelium
• Squamous-flat like tiles, thin
• Cuboidal-tall and wide, sometimes contain microvilli, function in secretion and absorption
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Shapes• Columnar- very tall, protect underlying
tissues, may have microvilli or cilia, secretion and absorption.
• Transitional- change their shape as the organs stretch
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Simple Epithelium
• This is a single layer of cells found in areas where diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, and absorption occur.
• Simple squamous
• Simple Cuboidal
• Simple Columnar
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Stratified Epithelium
• Contains two or more layers of cells used for protection of underlying tissues.
• Stratified squamous
• Stratified cuboidal
• Stratified columnar
• Transitional-variable in appearance
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Pseudostratified Epithelium
• All cells are connected to basement membrane but some do not reach the surface therefore from the side, it gives the impression of layers.
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Glandular Epithelium
• Main function is to secrete materials.
• A gland can consist of one cell or group of cells .
• Endocrine-release into the body
• Exocrine-release outside the body
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Vocabulary Cards
Basement membrane
Avascular
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transistional
Simple
Stratified
pseudostratified
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6 TYPES*LOOSE*DENSE*CARTILAGE*BONE*BLOOD*LYMPH
Connective Tissue
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General Features• The matrix is the material between the
widely spaced cells.
• All connective tissue except cartilage has a nerve supply.
• It is highly vascular except for cartilage.
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Connective Tissue Cells• Fibroblasts-large, flat and branching, most
numerous, secrete fibers
• Macrophages- irregular shape, and engulf bacteria and debris by phagocytosis, may be free or fixed
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Connective Tissue Cells
• Mast cells- produce histamine in response to injury
• Adipocytes- fat cells that store fats below the skin and around organs.
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Connective Tissue Matrix
• Ground substance- between cells, binds them together, supports cells, contain hyaluronic acid to lubricate and bind the cells.
• Fibers- 3 types- collagen, elastic and reticular
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Fibers*Collagen- most abundant protein in the body, strong but flexible
*Elastic- contain elastin and fibrillin,
strong but very flexible
*Reticular- thinner and form the basement membrane and support the soft organs like the spleen and lymph nodes.
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Loose Connective Tissue• Areolar-widely distributed, contains all
three types of fibers, strength, elasticity and support
• Adipose- contain adipocytes, store fat under the skin and around organs
• Reticular-forms soft organs and smooth muscle cells
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Dense Connective Tissue• Regular- collagen arranged in a regular
pattern of bundles for strength
• Irregular- collagen fibers are irregular arranged and often pulled in many directions
• Elastic- strong and can recoil to original shape, lung and heart
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Cartilage• Cells are called chondrocytes.
• Contain collagen and chondroitin sulfate for strength and elasticity.
• Hyaline-most abundant, reduces friction and absorbs shock, joints
• Fibrocartilage- very strong and rigid, discs between vertebrae.
• Elastic- very flexible, ear and nose
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Bone Tissue• Cells are called osteocytes.
• Haversion canal contains blood supply.
• Two types: compact and spongy
• Bone supports soft tissues, protects delicate structures, allows for movement with muscles and produces bone marrow for immunity.
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Blood Tissue• Has a liquid matrix called blood
plasma.
• Red blood and white blood cells are present.
• Platelets participate in blood clotting.
• Lymph-fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels, clear
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MUSCULAR TISSUE3 TYPES*SKELETAL*CARDIAC*SMOOTH
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Skeletal Muscle
• Attached to bones of the skeleton
• Striated-contains bands of muscle
• voluntary
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Cardiac Muscle• Striated and very strong
• Involuntary
• Found only in the heart
• Fibers are more branched
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Smooth Muscle
• Located in walls of organs, blood vessels and airways
• Involuntary
• Non-striated (smooth)
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Vocabulary Cards
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast cells
Adipocytes
Ground substance
Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Cartilage
striated
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The Skin is AWESOME!
• The skin or cutaneous membrane covers the external surface of the body.
• It’s the largest organ!
• 16% of total body weight!
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Structure of the skin
• Two main parts
• Epidermis-superficial
• Dermis-deep
• Deep to the dermis but not part of the actual skin is the subcutaneous layer, serves as an anchor
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Epidermis
• Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Contains 4 types of cells
• Keratinocytes-produce keratin
• Melanocytes-color of skin
• Langerhans cells-immune response
• Merkel cells-touch sensations
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Epidermal Layers
• Stratum basale-deepest, cell division
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum granum-water repellent, sealant
• Stratum lucidum-dead cells on fingertips, palms and soles
• Stratum corneum-protection
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Skin Color• Melanin, carotene and hemoglobin are
three pigments that impart a wide variety of colors to the skin.
• Melanocytes create melanin and most people have around the same number of these.
• Exposure to UV light stimulate melanin production
• Repeated exposure can cause skin cancer.
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Hair (pili)
• Each hair is a thread of fused, dead keratinized cells that consist of a shaft and a root.
• Surrounding the root is the hair follicle.
• Arrector pili are smooth muscles in the hair follicle and cause goosebumps to occur.
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Glands• Sebaceous glands-oil glands
(sebum), open to hair follicles, not found in palms and soles, excessive sebum accumulation can result in acne.
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Glands• Sudoriferous glands-sweat glands,
two types, eccrine (normal sweat glands) and apocrine(thicker sweat normally found in armpits and genital areas (cold sweat)
• Ceruminous-ear canal, wax
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Nails• Nails are tightly packed, hard,
keratinized cells of the epidermis.
• The white area that looks like a moon is the lunula.
• The cuticle is the tiny flap of skin that protects the nail root.
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Vocabulary Cards
Epidermis
Dermis
Melanocytes
Keratinocytes
Arrector pili
Lunula
Sebaceous glands
Sudiferous glands
Ceruminous glands
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Chapter 17 The Immune System
Anatomy and Physiology
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Lymphatic System• Drain excess fluid.
• Transport dietary lipids.
• Carry out immune response.
• Consist of veins and capillaries similiar to blood vessels.
• Contain lymph nodes to filter interstitial fluid.
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Lymphatic organs and tissues• Thymus- two-lobed organ, located medial
to the lungs and superior to the heart, contains T cells and macrophages, clear dead and dying cells
• Lymph nodes- 600 bean shaped nodes, B cells, T cells, macrophages, filter lymph and circulate lymph through valves and vessels
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Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
• Spleen- between stomach and diaphragm, lymphocytes and macrophages, macrophages destroy pathogens, storage of platelets, production of fetal blood cells, B and T cells carry out immune responses
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Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
• Lymphatic nodules are egg shaped, tonsils
• 5 tonsils
• Pharyngeal, adenoid, two palatine tonsils (obvious ones) 2 lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue.
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Barrier Defenses-non-specific
• External barriers prevent pathogens from entering the body:
• Skin• Mucous membranes• Saliva• Tears
• Cilia• Hair• Sweat• oil
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Internal Defenses
• Interferon- protein that interferes with virus replication
• Complement system- proteins that enhance other immune responses, normally inactive
• Natural killer cells- kills microbes and tumors
• Phagocytes- ingest microbes
• Macrophages- developed from monocytes, eat microbes
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Inflammation and Fever Responses• Helps prevent the spread of microbes.
• Allows more blood to flow to the injury site.
• Helps remove toxins.
• Carries immune cells to the site faster
• Fever is caused by interleukins.
• Elevated body temperature increases the effects of interferon, and speeds up bodily reactions and repair.
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Vocabulary Cards
Inflammation
Interferon
Macrophage
Natural killer cells
phagocyte
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Lymphocytes-Specific response
• B and T cells.
• Contain antigen receptors.
• Cell-mediated response- directly attack invaders
• Antibody mediated response- release antibodies against the microbe.
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Antigens and Antibodies• An antigen causes the body to produce
antibodies.
• Specific T cells will react to certain proteins and toxins.
• MHC molecules (major histocompatibility complex)-unique proteins that identify you to help T cells recognize foreign invaders.
• Major roadblock to organ transplantation.
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Antigens and Antibodies• Antigens induce plasma cells to secrete
proteins called antibodies against them.
• The antibody fits against the antigen on the surface of the microbe.
• Antibodies belong to a group of proteins called immunoglobulins.
• Each has a distinct function and chemical structure.
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T Cells• The presence of antigens inform
the T cells to begin attack but it only becomes active once the foreign antigen binds with it.
• APC or antigen presenting cell must ingest a foreign antigen, process it and present it to a T cell for recognition. Dendritic cells, helper T cells and macrophages can do this.
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T Cells• T cells also need a second stimulator
to prevent false alarms. Interleukin does this.
• Once activated, the T cell clones itself into an army.
• Causes swollen lymph nodes.
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3 types of T Cells
• Helper T cells release interleukins and also offer antigens.
• Cytotoxic T cells kill cells that are infected with precision using enzymes.
• Memory T cells remain in the body to prevent reinfection.
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B cells• Usually stay in the lymph nodes.
• Secrete antibodies once activated by T cells and interleukins.
• Can receive unprocessed antigens but respond faster to processed ones
• Can become memory cells to respond to the same antigen in the future
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Immunity• Naturally Acquired Active- get sick,
memory cells remember and prevent future attacks
• Naturally Acquired Passive- Antibody transfer from mother to fetus across placenta, or breastfeeding
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Immunity• Artificially Acquired Active- vaccinations
cause an immune response without causing sickness, usually involves injecting antigens or weakened viruses
• Artificially Acquired Passive- injection of immunoglobulins (antibodies)
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Vocabulary Cards
B cell
T cell
Antigen
Antibody
Memory cell
Vaccine
MHC
APC (antigen processing cell)
40 total cards