chapter 45 - community ecology · web viewin a mutualism, both species benefit from their...

Chapter 45 - Community Ecology

Multiple Choice

1. The Solenopsis invicta (the red imported fire ant) has had an impact in four of the following areas. Which one is the exception? a. They decrease the native ant population. b. They provide food for many bird species. c. They decrease ground bird populations. d. They decrease the native plant population. e. They threaten the survival of the Texas horned lizard.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.1 Fighting Foreign Fire AntsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.45.1 - Determine the negative impact the spread of Solenopsis invicta (the red imported fire ant) has on ecology.

2. Which element is LEAST likely to be an abiotic factor that can affect community structure? a. sunlight b. rainfall c. cloud cover d. decomposing organic matter e. temperatureANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.2 What Factors Shape Community Structure?LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.2 - Discuss the four types of two-species interactions.

3. Species richness refers specifically to the ____. a. numbers of individuals of each species present. b. ability of larger animals to enrich themselves by successfully preying on smaller ones. c. number of different species in the habitat. d. feeding levels at which the animals are located. e. relative abundance of the speciesANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.2 What Factors Shape Community Structure?LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.2 - Discuss the four types of two-species interactions.

4. All of the populations of different species that occupy and are adapted to a given area are known as ____. a. the biosphere b. a community c. an ecosystem d. a niche e. the habitatANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember

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REFERENCES: 45.2 What Factors Shape Community Structure?LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.2 - Discuss the four types of two-species interactions.

5. A one-way relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of another is ____. a. commensalism b. competitive exclusion c. parasitism d. obligate mutualism e. a neutral relationshipANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.2 What Factors Shape Community Structure?LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.2 - Discuss the four types of two-species interactions.

6. An interaction in which one species benefits and the second species is neither harmed nor benefited is known as ____. a. mutualism b. parasitism c. commensalism d. competition e. predationANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.2 Which Factors Shape Community Structure?LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.2 - Discuss the four types of two-species interactions.

7. An example of commensalism is a(n) ____. a. a clown fish living in a sea anemone b. an orchid growing on a tree branch c. yucca plant seeds dispersed by yucca moths d. Canadian lynx preying on a snowshoe hare e. a tapeworm living in a human intestineANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.2 What Factors Shape Community Structure?LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.2 - Discuss the four types of two-species interactions.

8. An interaction between two species in which both species benefit is known as ____. a. mutualism b. parasitism c. commensalism d. competition e. predationANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember



REFERENCES: 45.3 MutualismLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.3 - Describe the benefits of mutualism using examples

Figure 45.4

9. The relationship between the sea anemone and a pink anemonefish shown above is ____ a. a parasitic association b. predation c. resource partitioning d. a mutualistic association e. an epiphytic relationshipANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.3 MutualismLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.3 - Describe the benefits of mutualism using examples

10. The range of all factors that influence whether a species can obtain resources essential for survival and reproduction is its ____. a. habitat b. ecological niche c. carrying capacity d. ecosystem e. communityANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.4 Competitive InteractionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.45.4 - Examine the different outcomes of competition between two species for limited resources.



Figure 45.5

11. The image in the above photograph is a prime example of ____. a. double mutualism b. associative commensalism c. interference competition d. team predation e. parasitismANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.4 Competitive InteractionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


12. Competitive exclusion is the result of ____ by two species for the same limiting resource. a. mutualism b. commensalism c. competition d. predation e. parasitismANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 45.4 Competitive InteractionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


13. Gause's principle of competitive exclusion is based on the idea that ____. a. larger organisms exclude smaller ones through competition as in the case of large trees controlling

underbrush b. competition for the same resources excludes species having different life styles. c. no two species can occupy the same niche indefinitely when resources are limited d. two species can coexist if their niches do not overlap e. species survival depends upon coevoloution



ANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 45.4 Competitive InteractionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


NOTES: New

14. ____ arises as a result of directional selection on species who share a habitat and compete for a limiting resource. a. Resource partitioning b. Inclusive competition c. Intraspecific cooperation d. Primary succession e. Secondary successionANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 45.4 Competitive InteractionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


15. Four of the following statements are true of predator-prey coevolution. Which one is FALSE? a. Each species exerts selection pressure on the other. b. Predators are selective agents that favor improved prey defenses. c. Prey with better defenses are selective agents that favor better predator hunting skills. d. Coevolution only occurs in animals and is usually seen after one reproductive generation. e. Camouflage, warning coloration, and mimicry are all examples of coevolution tactics.ANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 45.6 Evolutionary Arms RacesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.45.6 - Examine how predators and prey adapt to each other’s evolutionary advantage



Figure 45.9A

Use the figure above showing three models for predator response to prey density to answer the following questions.

16. The ability of predators to eat and digest prey determines the number of prey captured as is shown in ____. a. type I response only b. type II response only c. type III response only d. types I and II only e. types I, II and IIIANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.5 Predator-Prey InteractionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


17. Predators can switch to alternative prey when a prey species is low in abundance as is shown in ____. a. type I response b. type II response c. type III response d. types I and III e. types I, II and IIIANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.5 Predator-Prey InteractionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


18. Predators often avoid a mimic species because of ____.Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


a. bad taste b. toxic secretion c. resemblance to a well-defended species d. painful sting e. cryptic colorationANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.6 Evolutionary Arms RacesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:




Figure 45.13A

19. The bittern in the above figure is using ____ for protection. a. mimicry b. display behavior c. warning coloration d. chemical defenses e. camouflageCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


ANSWER: eDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.6 Evolutionary Arms RacesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


Figure 45.11A and B

20. The images above of a yellow jacket and a nonstinging wasp are an example of ____. a. mimicry b. display behavior c. warning coloration d. chemical defenses e. camouflageANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.6 Evolutionary Arms RacesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


21. Which statement is NOT generally characteristic of parasites? a. They are specialists and usually are able to affect only one variety of hosts. b. They inflict serious injury and kill their hosts. c. Some reside inside their hosts, whereas others live outside their hosts. d. Their host may be a plant as well as an animal. e. Plants as well as animals can be parasites.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.7 Parasites and ParasitoidsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.45.7 - Discuss the different ways in which parasites, brood parasites, and parasitoids affect the hosts using examples

22. Which of the following does NOT apply to parasitoids? a. They are insects. b. They kill animals on which they feed.Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


c. Their host usually survives. d. The larvae develop in a host’s body. e. Some are effective biological control agents.ANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.7 Parasites and ParasitoidsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


Figure 45.17

23. The photograph above of the aphid and the wasp is an example of ____. a. mimicry b. display behavior c. warning coloration d. chemical defenses e. biological control of pestsANSWER: eDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.7 Parasites and ParasitoidsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


24. Which bird is a brood parasite and lays its eggs in the nests of other birds? a. catbird b. cowbird c. magpie d. Kirtland warbler



e. blue jayANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.7 Parasites and ParasitoidsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


25. Parasites reduce the reproductive rate of host individuals primarily by ____. a. killing the hosts b. preventing reproduction c. tricking them into caring for their young d. withdrawing nutrients from them e. acting as impostersANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.7 Parasites and ParasitoidsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


26. Pioneer plant species are usually characterized by ____ a. small size b. high dispersal rates c. slow maturation d. high dispersal rates and high numbers of offspring e. small size, efficient dispersal mechanisms, and slow maturationANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.8 Ecological SuccessionLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.8 - Describe the different factors that influence ecological succession.

27. Secondary succession is likely to occur in a(n) ____. a. burned forest only b. shallow lake only c. abandoned field only d. burned forest and an abandoned field e. burned forest, a shallow lake, and an abandoned fieldANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 45.8 Ecological SuccessionLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.8 - Describe the different factors that influence ecological succession.

28. Which of the following represents an early stage in primary succession? a. pine trees b. moss and lichens on bare rock c. weedy annual plants in an open fieldCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


d. climax species in succession e. alder, cottonwood, and willow thicketsANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 45.8 Ecological SuccessionLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.8 - Describe the different factors that influence ecological succession.

29. Secondary succession occurs ____. a. after a fire b. on a new volcanic island c. on bare rock d. on land exposed as a glacier retreats e. in the area between high tide and low tideANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s:REFERENCES: ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSIONLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.8 - Describe the different factors that influence ecological succession.

30. According to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, ____. a. species richness becomes greatest in between disturbances of moderate intensity or frequency b. a disturbance is necessary during succession in order to stabilize the community c. community succession is highly predictable d. competition and other species interactions are the most important factors in shaping community structure e. a community reverts to a climax state after a disturbanceANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.8 Ecological SuccessionLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.8 - Describe the different factors that influence ecological succession.

31. A keystone species ____. a. has a disproportionately large effect on a community relative to its abundance b. controls the prey species c. may increase or decrease the number of prey species in a community d. has a disproportionately large effect on a community relative to its abundance and may increase or decrease

the number of prey species in a community e. has a disproportionately large effect on a community relative to its abundance, controls the prey species, and

may increase or decrease the number of prey species in a communityANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.9 Species Introduction, Loss, and Other DisturbancesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.45.9 - Examine the different factors that can alter the diversity of species in a community.

32. A species that has a disproportionately large effect on community structure is known as a(n) ____. a. keystone species



b. parasitic species c. exotic species d. native species e. pioneer speciesANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.9 Species Introduction, Loss, and Other DisturbancesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


33. Which statement about kudzu is FALSE? a. It was imported from Asia for erosion control and forage. b. It was originally introduced into the Pacific Northwest. c. It is an exotic species. d. It grows over most anything stationary in its path. e. It is a vine.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.9 Species Introduction, Loss, and Other DisturbancesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


34. Of the following four islands at the same latitude, which one likely possesses the fewest species? a. 1,000 square kilometers in area and 300 km from the mainland b. 3,000 square kilometers in area and 100 km from the mainland c. 100 square kilometers in area and 3,000 km from the mainland d. 300 square kilometers in area and 1,000 km from the mainland e. All islands are at the same latitude, so they are all likely to have the same species richness.ANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.10 Biogeographic Patterns in Community StructureLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.45.10 - Examine the biogeographic patterns that determine how species are distributed in the natural world.

35. Four of the following explain the area effect on island diversity. Which one is the exception? a. Larger islands have more habitats. b. Smaller islands have more varied and higher elevations. c. Larger islands intercept more colonizers. d. Smaller islands have less complex topography. e. Smaller islands have a greater probability of a species becoming extinct.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.10 Biogeographic Patterns in Community StructureLEARNING OBJECTIVES:




36. Species richness is greatest at which latitude? a. 60 degrees north b. 60 degrees south c. 0 degrees d. 40 degrees north e. 20 degrees southANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.10 Biogeographic Patterns in Community StructureLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


37. Which of the following is not true of tropical communities? a. they occur at the equator b. they receive more intense sunlight c. they have a longer growing season d. they receive less rainfall than temperate communities e. they have been established for a longer period of timeANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.10 Biogeographic Patterns in Community StructureLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


Matching

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.a. blending in and being hidden by the backgroundb. where an organism is generally located in a communityc. one organism benefits at another organism's expensed. opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitate. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lavaf. epiphytes and treesg. the yucca moth and the yucca planth. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlapi. tasty species resembles repugnant onej. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature communityk. natural reforestation of burned-over forestDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.6 Evolutionary Arms RacesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


38. camouflageANSWER: aCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


Choose the most appropriate answer for each.a. blending in and being hidden by the backgroundb. where an organism is generally located in a communityc. one organism benefits at another organism's expensed. opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitate. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lavaf. epiphytes and treesg. the yucca moth and the yucca planth. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlapi. tasty species resembles repugnant onej. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature communityk. natural reforestation of burned-over forestDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.2 What Factors Shape Community Structure?LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.2 - Discuss the four types of two-species interactions.

39. commensalismANSWER: f

40. habitatANSWER: b

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.a. blending in and being hidden by the backgroundb. where an organism is generally located in a communityc. one organism benefits at another organism's expensed. opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitate. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lavaf. epiphytes and treesg. the yucca moth and the yucca planth. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlapi. tasty species resembles repugnant onej. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature communityk. natural reforestation of burned-over forestDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.4 Competitive InteractionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


41. competitive exclusionANSWER: h

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.a. blending in and being hidden by the backgroundb. where an organism is generally located in a communityCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


c. one organism benefits at another organism's expensed. opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitate. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lavaf. epiphytes and treesg. the yucca moth and the yucca planth. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlapi. tasty species resembles repugnant onej. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature communityk. natural reforestation of burned-over forestDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 45.6 Evolutionary Arms RacesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


42. mimicryANSWER: i

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.a. blending in and being hidden by the backgroundb. where an organism is generally located in a communityc. one organism benefits at another organism's expensed. opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitate. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lavaf. epiphytes and treesg. the yucca moth and the yucca planth. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlapi. tasty species resembles repugnant onej. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature communityk. natural reforestation of burned-over forestDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.3 MutualismLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.3 - Describe the benefits of mutualism using examples

43. mutualismANSWER: g

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.a. blending in and being hidden by the backgroundb. where an organism is generally located in a communityc. one organism benefits at another organism's expensed. opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitate. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lavaf. epiphytes and treesg. the yucca moth and the yucca planth. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap



i. tasty species resembles repugnant onej. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature communityk. natural reforestation of burned-over forestDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.7 Parasites and ParasitoidsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


44. parasitismANSWER: c

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.a. blending in and being hidden by the backgroundb. where an organism is generally located in a communityc. one organism benefits at another organism's expensed. opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitate. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lavaf. epiphytes and treesg. the yucca moth and the yucca planth. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlapi. tasty species resembles repugnant onej. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature communityk. natural reforestation of burned-over forestDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.8 Ecological SuccessionLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.8 - Describe the different factors that influence ecological succession.

45. primary successionANSWER: e

46. secondary successionANSWER: k

47. successionANSWER: j

Choose the most appropriate answer for each.a. blending in and being hidden by the backgroundb. where an organism is generally located in a communityc. one organism benefits at another organism's expensed. opportunistic colonizers of a newly vacated habitate. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lavaf. epiphytes and treesg. the yucca moth and the yucca planth. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlapi. tasty species resembles repugnant oneCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


j. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature communityk. natural reforestation of burned-over forestDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 45.8 Ecological SuccessionLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.8 - Describe the different factors that influence ecological succession.

48. pioneer speciesANSWER: d

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.a. competitionb. predationc. mutualismd. commensalisme. parasitismDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.2 What Factors Shape Community Structure?LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.2 - Discuss the four types of two-species interactions.

49. In this interaction, one species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited.ANSWER: d

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.a. competitionb. predationc. mutualismd. commensalisme. parasitismDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.4 Competitive InteractionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


50. In this interaction between two species, both species are harmed to some degree.ANSWER: a

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.a. competitionb. predationc. mutualismd. commensalisme. parasitismDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.5 Predator-Prey InteractionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.3 - Describe the benefits of mutualism using examples

51. In this interaction, both species benefit.Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


ANSWER: c

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.a. competitionb. predationc. mutualismd. commensalisme. parasitismDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.5 Predator-Prey InteractionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.45.5 - Determine the different factors that are responsible for the changing populations of the predator and prey

52. In this interaction, one individual or species is usually killed while the other benefits by eating it.ANSWER: b

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.a. competitionb. predationc. mutualismd. commensalisme. parasitismDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.7 Parasites and ParasitoidsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


53. In this interaction, one species is harmed but usually not killed, to the benefit of the other that lives on or in it.ANSWER: e

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.a. competitionb. parasitoidismc. mutualismd. commensalisme. parasitismDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.7 Parasites and ParasitoidsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


54. The relationship between a dog and a wood tick is this.ANSWER: e

55. If a wasp lays its eggs inside the larva of a fly, the interaction is this.ANSWER: b



Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.a. competitionb. parasitoidismc. mutualismd. commensalisme. parasitismDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.3 MutualismLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.3 - Describe the benefits of mutualism using examples

56. The interaction between a human and the intestinal bacterium E. coli is usually this.ANSWER: c

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.a. competitionb. parasitoidismc. mutualismd. commensalisme. parasitismDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.4 Competitive InteractionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


57. The interaction between two closely related species of woodpeckers that live in a temperate forest is likely to be this.ANSWER: a

Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.a. competitionb. parasitoidismc. mutualismd. commensalisme. parasitismDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.2 What Factors Shape Community Structure?LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.2 - Discuss the four types of two-species interactions.

58. The interaction between an epiphytic orchid growing on a tree branch is an example of thiws.ANSWER: d

Objective Short Answer

59. Each species occupies a certain __________, characterized by physical and chemical features and by the array of other species living in it.ANSWER: nicheDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 45.4 Competitive InteractionsCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


LEARNING OBJECTIVES:


60. All populations of all species in a habitat are a(n) __________.ANSWER: communityDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.2 What Factors Shape Community Structure?LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.2 - Discuss the four types of two-species interactions.

61. Species interactions between members of a community include __________, which is helpful to one species and does not harm the other species.ANSWER: commensalismDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.2 Which Factors Shape Community Structure?LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.2 - Discuss the four types of two-species interactions.

62. Species interactions between members of a community include __________, which benefits both species.ANSWER: mutualismDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.3 MutualismLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.3 - Describe the benefits of mutualism using examples

63. Species interactions between members of a community include __________, which harms both species.ANSWER: interspecific competitionDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.2 Which Factors Shape Community Structure?LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.2 - Discuss the four types of two-species interactions.

64. Species interactions between members of a community include __________ and __________, in both of which one species benefits at the expense of another.ANSWER: parasitism; predation

predation; parasitismDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 45.7 Parasites and ParasitoidsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


65. Character displacement makes competing species less similar, which facilitates __________.ANSWER: resource partitioningDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 45.4 Competitive InteractionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


66. __________ are free-living and usually kill their prey.ANSWER: PredatorsDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


REFERENCES: 45.5 Predator-Prey InteractionsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.45.5 - Determine the different factors that are responsible for the changing populations of the predator and prey

67. The first species of a community are __________.ANSWER: pioneer speciesDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 45.8 Ecological SuccessionLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.45.8 - Describe the different factors that influence ecological succession.

Subjective Short Answer

68. Which sort of interaction is harmful to one species but beneficial to the other? List at least three.ANSWER: There are four classes of interaction that fit this. Predation, herbivory, parasitism and parasitoidism

all benefit one species and harm the other.DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.2 What Factors Shape Community Structure?LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.45.2 - Discuss the four types of two-species interactions.

69. Explain why mutualism is sometimes viewed as ‘reciprocal exploitation’.ANSWER: In a mutualism, both species benefit from their interaction with each other. But, each species is

seeking to gain more benefit or give up less in the interaction. Thus, there is a constant evolutionary battle between the two of how little can be given and how much taken before the interaction fails.

DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 45.3 MutualismLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.45.3 - Describe the benefits of mutualism using examples

70. Use the concept of coevolution to explain the abundance of large mammals in Africa after the rise of humans but their rapid demise in the Americas after the arrival of humans?ANSWER: In Africa, the large mammals were able to coevolve with human populations. They were able to adapt

to humans as they slowly went from harmless to dangerous with the advent of hunting skills. On the other hand, the humans who arrived in the Americas were already skilled hunters. The native mammals lacked the time to evolve to this new predator. In many ways, the arrival of humans in the Americas had more in common with an invasive species.

DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: EvaluateREFERENCES: 45.6 Evolutionary Arms RacesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


71. Are all species introductions the fault of humans?ANSWER: No, species introductions can happen by a number of ways. Seeds can travel on migratory animals,

mature organisms can travel across bodies of water, and at a slower pace the continental drifts can move species. That being said, humans have accelerated the pace of species introductions to an alarming rate due to our ability to travel long distances very rapidly.

DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: EvaluateREFERENCES: 45.9 Species Introduction, Loss, and Other Disturbances



LEARNING OBJECTIVES:



chapter 45 - community ecology · web viewin a mutualism, both species benefit from their...

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