chapter 4 the human body - jones & bartlett...

9/11/2012

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Chapter 4

The Human Body

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Overview Anatomic Terms

The Anatomic Position Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Body Systems Respiratory System Circulatory System Musculoskeletal System Nervous System Skin Digestive System Endocrine System

Slide 3

Anatomic Terms

Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company

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Slide 4

Anatomic Terms

The anatomic position

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Anatomic Terms

Anatomic planes Midline

Midclavicular line

Midaxillary line

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Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Prone The patient lying flat

on the stomach


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Supine The patient lying

flat on the back

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Fowler’s position The patient lying on

the back with a bend at the hips

• Full Fowler’s

• Semi-Fowler’s

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Trendelenburg position The patient lying flat on

the back, on an incline, and with feet elevated approximately 12 inches above the head


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Shock position The patient lying flat on

the back, bent at the hips with feet lifted approximately 12 inches off of the ground

Slide 11

Body Systems

Slide 12

Respiratory System

The respiratory system takes oxygen from the air and makes it available for the blood to transport to every cell and rids the body of excess carbon dioxide


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Respiratory System

The airway Upper airway

• Extends from the mouth and nose to the trachea

Lower airway• Extends from the trachea to the alveoli

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Upper Airway

Slide 15

Upper Airway

Nose and mouth Pharynx

• Oropharynx

• Nasopharynx

Epiglottis • Leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and liquid from

entering the trachea during swallowing


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Lower Airway

Slide 17

Lower Airway

Trachea (windpipe)

Cricoid cartilage Firm cartilage ring forming the lower portion of the

larynx

Larynx (voice box)

Bronchi • Two major branches of the trachea to the lungs; bronchus

subdivides into smaller air passages ending at the alveoli

The lungs

Diaphragm

Slide 18

Respiratory Terminology

Ventilation The movement of air

Respiration The exchange of gases


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Ventilation Inhalation (active)

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity

Diaphragm moves slightly downward, flares lower portion of rib cage

Ribs move upward/outward

This creates a negative pressure in the chest cavity

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Ventilation

Air flows into the lungs because of the negative pressure

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Ventilation

Exhalation Diaphragm and

intercostal muscles relax, decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity

• Diaphragm moves upward

• Ribs move downward/inward

Air is expelled from the lungs


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Respiration

Alveolar respiration Gas exchange in the lungs

Cellular respiration Gas exchange in the tissues of the body

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Alveolar Respiration

Alveolar/capillary exchange Oxygen-rich air enters the alveoli during each

inspiration

Oxygen-poor blood in the capillaries passes into the alveoli

Oxygen enters the capillaries as carbon dioxide enters the alveoli

Slide 24

Cellular Respiration

Capillary/cellular exchange Cells give up carbon dioxide to the capillaries

Capillaries give up oxygen to the cells


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Alveolar and Cellular Respiration

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Normal Breathing

Normal respiration should be effortless

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Normal Respiratory Rates

Adult—12-20/minute

Child—15-30/minute

Infant—25-50/minute


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Assessing Breathing

Rate

Rhythm

Quality

Breath sounds

Chest expansion

Effort of breathing

Depth (tidal volume)

Slide 29

Effort of Breathing

Accessory muscles Additional muscles used to draw air into the chest

Includes the muscles of the neck, abdomen, and chest

Use of accessory muscles is a sign of

respiratory distress!

Slide 30

Tidal Volume

The amount of air exchanged in one breath


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Considerations for

Infants and Children

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Adults versus Children–Respiratory Anatomy

Mouth and nose In general, all structures are smaller and more

easily obstructed than in adults

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Adults versus Children –Respiratory Anatomy

Tongue Infants’ and children’s tongues take up

proportionately more space in the mouth than adults

Trachea (windpipe) Narrower tracheas that are obstructed more easily by

swelling Softer and more flexible in infants and children

Cricoid cartilage Less developed and less rigid

Chest wall is softer Tend to depend more heavily on the diaphragm for breathing


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Circulatory System

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Circulatory System

The heart pumps blood to the body organs through the cardiovascular system

This process is so vital to life that any interruption for more than a few minutes can mean death to the individual

Slide 36

Circulatory System

Heart

Blood vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries

Blood


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Heart Structure and function

Atrium• Right

Receives blood from the veins of the body and the heart

Pumps oxygen-poor blood to the right ventricle

• Left Receives blood from the

pulmonary veins (lungs)

Pumps oxygen-rich blood to left ventricle

Ventricle• Right

Receives blood from the right atrium

Pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

• Left Receives blood from the

left atrium

Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body

Slide 38

Heart

Slide 39

Heart

Structure and function Valves prevent backflow of blood


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Heart

Structure and function Cardiac conductive system

• Heart is more than a muscle

• Specialized contractile and conductive tissue in the heart

• Electrical impulses create coordinated contraction

Automaticity• The ability of cardiac muscle cells to generate their own

impulses

Slide 41

Blood Vessels Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

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Arteries Carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body Major arteries

Coronary • Vessels that supply the heart with blood

Aorta• Major artery originating from the heart, lying in front of the spine in the thoracic

and abdominal cavities Pulmonary

• Artery originating at the right ventricle; carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs Carotid

• Major artery of the neck Femoral

• Major artery of the thigh Radial

• Major artery of the lower arm Brachial

• An artery of the upper arm Posterior tibial Dorsalis pedis


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Arteries

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Arterioles

The smallest branches of an artery leading to the capillaries

Slide 45

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules

Found in all parts of the body

Allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste at the cellular level


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Slide 46

Capillaries

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Venules

The smallest branches of a vein leading to the capillaries

Slide 48

Veins

Vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Major veins Pulmonary vein

• Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Venae cavae• Superior

• Inferior Carries oxygen-poor blood back to the right atrium


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Veins

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Blood Red blood cells

Give the blood its color

Carry oxygen to organs

Carry carbon dioxide away from organs

White blood cells Part of the body’s defense against infections

Plasma Fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients

Platelets Essential for the formation of blood clots

Slide 51

Pulse

Left ventricle contracts, sending a wave of blood through the arteries Can be palpated anywhere an artery simultaneously

passes near the skin surface and over a bone Peripheral

• Radial• Brachial• Posterior tibial• Dorsalis pedis

Central• Carotid• Femoral


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Pulse

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Blood Pressure

A measure of the pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries during contraction and relaxation of the heart Systolic

• Pressure exerted against the walls of the artery when the left ventricle contracts

Diastolic• Pressure exerted against the walls of the artery when the

left ventricle is at rest

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Perfusion

The process of delivering oxygenated blood to the organs and removing waste products and carbon dioxide

Cellular respiration


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Slide 55

Perfusion

Shock (hypoperfusion) Widespread inadequate tissue perfusion

Slide 56

Shock

Signs and symptoms Pale or cyanotic skin Cool or cold skin Rapid weak pulse Altered mental status Rapid breathing Nausea and vomiting Low or decreasing blood pressure

• A LATE SIGN!

Slide 57

Musculoskeletal System


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Slide 58

Skeletal System

The skeletal system is the scaffolding of the body

Gives the body shape and rigidity

Protects the vital internal organs

Enables movement

Slide 59

The Skull

Skull Houses and protects the

brain

Orbit

Nasal bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Zygomatic bone

Slide 60

Spinal Column

Cervical (neck) —7 vertebrae

Thoracic (upper back)—12 vertebrae

Lumbar (lower back)—5 vertebrae

Sacral (back wall of the pelvis)—5 vertebrae

Coccyx (tailbone)—4 vertebrae


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Spinal Column

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Thorax

Ribs 12 pairs

Attached posterior to the thoracic vertebrae• Pairs 1-10 are attached anterior to the sternum

• Pairs 11 and 12 are floating

Sternum (Breastbone) Manubrium (superior portion of sternum)

Body (middle)

Xiphoid process (inferior portion of sternum)

Slide 63

Thorax


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PelvisIlium

Ischium

Pubicsymphysis

Acetabulum

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Upperextremity

Lowerextremity

Slide 66

Lower Extremities

Femur (thigh)

Patella (kneecap)

Tibia (shin, lower leg)

Fibula (lower leg)

Medial and lateral malleolus

Tarsals and metatarsals (foot)

Calcaneus (heel)

Phalanges (toes)


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Lower Extremities

Patella

Tibia

Fibula Femur

Slide 68

C4-35Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Foot

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Upper Extremities

Clavicle (collar bone)

Scapula (shoulder blade)

Acromion (tip of shoulder)

Humerus (superior portion of upper extremity)

Olecranon (elbow)

Radius (lateral bone of forearm)

Ulna (medial bone of forearm)

Carpals (wrist)

Metacarpals (hand)

Phalanges (fingers)


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Upper Extremity

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Joints

Where bones connect to other bones

Types Ball and socket

Hinged

Slide 72

Hinge Joint


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Ball and Socket Joint

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Muscular System

Slide 75

Muscular System

Function Gives the body shape

Protects internal organs

Provides for movement


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Slide 76

Muscular System

Types Voluntary

Involuntary

Cardiac

Slide 77

Muscular System

Voluntary (skeletal) Attached to the bones

Form the major muscle mass of the body

Controlled by nervous system and brain

Can be contracted and relaxed by the will of the individual

Responsible for movement

Slide 78

Muscular System

Involuntary (smooth) Found in the walls of the

tubular structures of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary system, as well as the blood vessels and bronchi

Control the flow through these structures

Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body

Individuals have no direct control over these muscles

Respond to stimuli such as stretching, heat, and cold


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Slide 79

Muscular System

Cardiac Found only in the heart

• Involuntary muscle Has its own supply of blood

through the coronary artery system

Can tolerate interruption of blood supply for only very short periods

• Automaticity—the ability of the muscle to contract on its own

Slide 80

Nervous System

Slide 81

Nervous System

Function Controls the voluntary and involuntary activity of

the body


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Slide 82

Nervous System

Central nervous system Brain

Spinal cord

• Cranial nerves (12)• Spinal nerves

cervical (8)thoraic (12)lumbar (5)sacral (5) coccyx (1)

PeripheralNervous System

• Brain• Spinal cord

CentralNervous System

Slide 83

Nervous System

Peripheral nervous system Sensory

• Impulses carry information from the body to the brain and spinal cord

Motor• Impulses carry

information from the brain and spinal cord to the body

Slide 84

Skin


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Slide 85

Skin

Protects the body from the environment, bacteria, and other organisms

Helps regulate the temperature of the body

Senses heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain; transmits this information to the brain and spinal cord

Slide 86

Skin

Layers Epidermis

• Outermost layer of skin Dermis

• Deeper layer of skin containing sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, and nerve endings

Subcutaneous layer

Slide 87

Digestive System


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Slide 88

Digestive System Provides the body with

energy from food

Foods passes through hollow organs from the stomach to the anus

Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestine

Slide 89

Endocrine System

Slide 90

Endocrine System

Secretes chemicals, such as insulin and adrenaline, responsible for regulating body activities and functions


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Slide 91

Summary

Anatomic Terms The Anatomic Position Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Body Systems Respiratory System Circulatory System Musculoskeletal System Nervous System Skin Digestive System Endocrine System


chapter 4 the human body - jones & bartlett...

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